impairment of a signals intelligence collection platform

In addition to the AN/SLQ-32, Arleigh Burke-class destroyers are in the process of evaluating an open-architecture Integrated Radar/Optical Sighting and Surveillance System (IROS3) and Ship Protection system, currently including an AN/SPS-73 radar, an electro-optical/infrared sensor, acoustic sensors and spotlights, coupled with remotely controlled machine guns. puppies for sale in california under 300; worst sun/moon/rising combination; impairment of a signals intelligence collection platform; impairment of a signals intelligence collection platform Especially sophisticated SIGINT submarines may tap undersea cables. In addition to Samyukta, other role-specific tactical platforms include: During the Second World War, New Zealand established seven radio interception stations to support the Anglo-American war effort against Japan. [93], Germany's SAR Lupe is a constellation of five X-band SAR satellites in three polar orbits. A new generation of ELINT satellites, possibly combining the land and sea missions, may be in development. It had a distinctive sideways looking airborne radar (SLAR) in a "canoe" under the fuselage, as well as large rectangular antenna arrays at each wingtip. The latter is in a series of code names suggesting it is for tactical use, while the former name is more associated with strategic systems, especially for intelligence. The system fits into 3 HMMWVs with mounted standard integrated command postlightweight multipurpose shelters, tunnel-mounted power generation units, and towed 2.4 meter (C, Kuband) and 6.1 meter (C, Ku, X-band) antennas. In addition, five battlefield surveillance brigades (BfSB), of which an MI Collection Battalion is the core element, are being formed. The participants are Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy and Spain. [70][71][72], The Brazilian Air Force operates eight Embraer E/R-99 aircraft, three of which are the R-99 SIGINT variant, belonging to the 2nd Squadron, 6th Aviation Group (2/6 GAv) "Guardio" based in the Anpolis Air Force Base[73] and used in the Amazon Surveillance System. [4] A 'cyber-warfare' unit at the station focuses on computer data traffic. Beavers, however, had poor capabilities. One specialized technique, originally used in the First World War but again in the Korean War, was interception using ground return from wired telephones. [41] Thales provided the electronics, and Compagnie Nationale de Navigation built the ship to requirements defined by the Military Intelligence Directorate (DRM) with a planned 30-year lifetime. JDFPG has been established in 1966, originally as a satellite relay station becoming operational in 1970 as US-Australian NAVDET Combined Support Group with approximately 100 AUS and US military personnel. Not all EU nations have the traditional French priority for autonomy. [104], According to,[105] the Tselina-2 is intended for land targets, while the US-PU EORSAT is intended for naval ELINT. sardine lake fishing report; ulrich beck risk society ppt; nascar pinty's series cars for sale; how to buy pallets from victoria secret {K~HZ!WXuyY.Hu6gGxyb^6ug$XK$ 3 0 obj In 1989 the unit was renamed Joint Defense Space Research Facility, Pine Gap, in 1998 becoming US Naval Security Group Detachment, Alice Springs and in 2005 becoming Navy Information Operations Detachment (NIOD) Alice Springs, Australia. Dedicated RC-135 aircraft, operated by the US Air Force, are in a variety of SIGINT and MASINT configurations. European defense policy called for three new bodies that would need intelligence support: a Political and Security Committee composed of ambassadors with an advisory role to the EU Council of Ministers, a Military Committee of senior officers, and a Multinational Planning Staff. Used in tandem with L3Harris' modular . The updated aircraft was known as the SARIGUE-NG, with the NG standing for Nouvelle Generation or New Generation. A new window will open and you will be requested to enter a name for your Public Account. [22] According to Hager, the GCSB's ground-based signal stations have in the past intercepted a wide range of foreign electronic communications including Japanese diplomatic cables, French military activities and nuclear weapons testing in the South Pacific, Pacific states' military maneuvers and trade agreements with the Soviet Union, and Russian/Soviet ships in the region and research bases in Antarctica. (A) Targeted collection shall be prioritized. At NSA, we must keep pace with advances in the high-speed, multifunctional technologies of today's information age. 24: The National Security Agency Declassified", "History of the Air Intelligence Agency, 1 January 31 December 1994", "NAVSECGRU Instruction C5450.48A, Subj: Mission, Functions and Tasks of Naval Security Group Activity (NAVSECGRUACT) Sugar Grove, West Virginia", "Key Issues Relevant to Army Intelligence Transformation", "Prophet: Tactical SIGINT for the 21st Century ground signal intelligence system", "Signal Intelligence System Uncovers Enemy Sites", "U.S. Marine Corps Forces, Special Operations Command(MARSOC)", "FM 3-05.102 Army Special Forces Intelligence", "The AN/PRD-13 (V1) Man Portable Signal Intelligence System", "Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) MCWP 340.5 Electronic Warfare", "Flyvefisken-klassen PG/MHC/MLC (Standard Flex 300)", "Transportable Radio Direction Finding (TRDF) System (AN/SSQ-120)", "Up Periscope, Up Antenna: Hunter-Killer Submarines increasingly are Hunter-Gatherers of Intelligence", "A Rational Choice Revisited Submarine Capability in a Transformational Era", "Growing Asymmetries in the China-Japan Naval Balance", "The U.S. Intelligence Community 8: Signals Intelligence", "Statement to Senate Armed Services Committee Seapower Subcommittee on submarine Warfare Systems for the 21st century", "Defence confirms acquisition of two ISR and EW Gulfstreams", "L-3 G550 contract suggests new Australian surveillance deal", "P-8A Poseidon - Royal Australian Air Force", "R-99 utiliza sensor modernizado em operao no norte do Pas", "Brazil to boost security with unmanned Hermes 900", "FAB desativou o 1/6 GAV "Esquadro Carcar", "Lessons From Bosnia: The IFOR Experience, IV. It is reasonable to expect continuing upgrades from the EADS consortium. Ad hoc installations were placed on US warships in the 1940 on. As a result of ASA casualties during ground SIGINT in Vietnam, ASA developed its own fleet of tactical SIGINT aircraft, starting with the U-6 Beaver. This can achieve 5-degree direction finding. Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) refers to the collection of electronic communications information such as phone conversations or . elicitation can be best described as a guided conversation with a concealed purpose. The estimated cost is $350 million.[83]. In 19941995, French legislators tried to reduce some of these plans. ", "Reporter's Notebook: Space intelligence technology's embattled frontier", "Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 215.2, Signals Intelligence", "National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. Our workforce is deeply skilled in a wide range of highly technical fields that allow them to this work, and they develop and employ state-of-the-art tools and systems that are essential to success in today's fast-changing communications and information environment. The Naval Security Group Activity (NAVSECGRUACT) at Sugar Grove, West Virginia, has missions defined including "maintaining and operating an ECHELON site". guide to emergency management and related terms, definitions, concepts, acronyms, organizations, programs, guidance, executive orders & legislation This article is a subset article under the main article Signals intelligence, which addresses the unifying conceptual and technical factors and common technologies in this intelligence discipline.This article deals with current signals intelligence collection equipment by nation, including fixed and mobile ground stations, ships, submarines, aircraft and satellites. Norway also expressed concern over the St. Malo declaration, and in February 2000, British officials spoke about a proposal that the EU take on collective defense, that still being a NATO responsibility.[91]. Planning started on French IMINT satellites called Helios, a radar imaging satellite called Osiris and then Horus, and a SIGINT satellite to be called Zenon when operational. The aircraft are known as Re'em (Antelope) and are operated by 134 Tayeset at Lod. Recently, however, the French have been launching intelligence satellites, on French and Russian rockets, and are exchanging information with the Germans and Italians, both of which are deploying synthetic aperture radar MASINT constellations, with an undefined IMINT or electro-optical MASINT capability on the Italian satellites. Requirements for the Tselina-2 series were issued in 1974, with a first test launch scheduled for 1980 and full operational capability in 1982. According to the current and former officials, the Directorate for Signals Intelligence, or DFS, employs about 1,700 people and has at least six surveillance facilities that eavesdrop around the . The French Air Force will begin retiring its fleet of C-160 transports in 2005. Among the systems are the ArgoSystems/Condor AR-740. The Joint Defence Facility Nurrungar (JDFN), located approximately 9 Mi south of Woomera, South Australia, was a ground station operated by the Australian Department of Defence and the USAF. The aircraft has been reported around the western edge of North Africa, the Western Sahara and the Mediterranean.[66]. This is making sigint collection by both Chinese and Russian spy satellites difficult. The Transalls provided NATO SIGINT in Bosnia.[79]. After its experience in the Falklands, Argentina had a 707 converted to an ELINT aircraft by Israel. NONLITERAL COLLECTION FOR STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE AND COMBAT/TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE Unlike literal collection, Nonliteral collection requires expertise in processing and exploitation in order for analysts to make use of it. In 2004, the European Space Council was formed, although it is still struggling with dual-use issues, and the relationships with NATO and US policy. [92] Italy is a MUSIS partner, which should be considered in assessing the potential of information sharing among the partners.[93]. In no case, however, are these the only SIGINT antennas on the aircraft.[66]. Misawa, although many of its SIGINT units were deactivated in 20002001, still had an RSOC coordination role. NSAneeds to collect and understand the information, interpret it, and get it to our customers in time for them to take action. In the vehicle-mounted variant, it can operate while moving; the vehicle also has racks for two AN/VRC-92 SINCGARS Combat Net Radios with backpacks, and carries an antenna mast and other equipment. Modern telecommunications technology poses significant challenges to the SIGINT mission, and many languages are used around the world that are of interest to our military and national leaders. A radio propagation experiment, S80-T, was launched in 1992, as a predecessor of the ELINT experiments. SIGINT is intelligence derived from electronic signals and systems used by foreign targets, such as communications systems, radars, and weapons systems that provides a vital window for our nation into foreign adversaries' capabilities, actions, and intentions. <> [54] The CelsiusTech-Grintek Ewation partnership probably will provide systems as well. Asia and Cuba", "Interception Capabilities 2000: Report to the European Parliament", "Tactical SIGINT stations for force protection", "Blacklisting of pvt firm hits DRDO project | India News - Times of India", "Intelligence services The Cold War, 1945 to 1984", "Major Loss of Intelligence Gathering Capability", "Information Warfare in the Second (1999Present) Chechen War: Motivator for Military Reform? This is centered upon Intelligence-gathering, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) activities possession of submarines admits Canada to that exclusive group of states participating in regulated and highly classified submarine waterspace management and intelligence-sharing schemes. These enhancements will be coordinated with UAVs and tactical aircraft with expanded SIGINT capability. The impairment of a fixed asset can be described as an abrupt decrease in fair value due to physical damage, changes in existing laws creating a permanent decrease, increased competition, poor management, obsolescence of technology, etc. DGA, the French military procurement agency, announced that the constellation of four Essaim ELINT satellites launched with Helios 2A on 18 December 2004 would begin operations in May 2005. The Extract update increased the platform's level of automation, adding a central database and data fusion capability, while Tigershark was especially tailor-made for COMINT ops in Asia. While the main subordinate command at Sugar Grove is redacted, it would appear, given the presence of large satellite antennas at Sugar Grove, but it not appearing in lists of NSOCs, that it is principally an intercept facility. It provides line-of-bearing (LOB) data and intercept on unencrypted, single-channel push-to-talk transmissions. Due to the arrangement between France and Germany to exchange Helios 2 and SAR Lupe imagery, excluding the non-French partners in Helios. The aircraft was fitted with equipment developed by Thompson-CSF, similar to that installed in the earlirt Transall Gabriels. [85] The SLOROS is reported to have a range of at least 62 miles (100km). As with RREP SS-1, the SS-2 operates at the modular level and at the integrated system level. Arguably, one combined intercept and jamming technique of WWI was the use of shotguns against carrier pigeons, followed by reading the message attached to the bird. [52], ES is not limited to the AN/BLQ-10 alone, but a major improvement in receiving, with an expected 200% improvement in performance with the Type 18I periscope and Integrated Electronics Mast (IEM), especially in the littorals. Tasking for Prophet will come from primarily from the division-level Analysis and Control Element, modified by brigade-specific priorities and then send them to the Prophet via SINCGARS radio. Jeffrey Richelson, for the George Washington University National Security Archive, links the Air Force's 544th Intelligence Group with ECHELON operations. Norway uses FS Marjata, a purpose-built electronic intelligence (ELINT) collection vessel. [54], Israeli Elbit provides the TIMNEX 4 CH ELINT/targeting set, which covers 218GHz, provides radar warning, and 1.4 to 5 degree DF (depending on frequency). In an era of complex geopolitics of peer and near-peer adversaries racing to advance electronic warfare (EW), the U.S. Marine Corps, like the other services, is centering on improving its signals intelligence (SIGINT) and electronic warfare operations. The U.S. Constitution, federal law, executive order, and regulations of the Executive Branch govern NSA's activities. Some RU-8D aircraft had MASINT sensors for categorizing specific transmissions. External bodies such as the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (HPSCI) and the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence (SSCI), the President's Intelligence Oversight Board, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Justice provide oversight to ensure the Agency's adherence to U.S. laws and regulations. Impairment of a Signals Intelligence collection platform or an unexplained compromise of U.S. Intelligence Operations are examples of (Lesson 1: Foreign Intelligence Entities, Page 10) An anomaly The Internet and social networking services have allowed (Lesson 3: Internet and Social Networking Services, Page 2) Unmanned aircraft serve as a dual signals intelligence (SIGINT) and image intelligence (IMINT) platform, keeping personnel out of . . endobj Compatible with VoiceOver and TalkBack, the app provides audio instructions to blind and visually impaired people to guide them step . [68][69] In late 2015 it was announced that a number of Gulfstream G550s are being acquired alongside eight P-8A Poseidons, with reports that they will possibly form the replacement for the electronic intelligence-gathering role performed by the RAAF's AP-3 Orions. Stations remain at the Ras Karma Military Airbase, near QaDub on Socotra Island in Yemen, across the Red Sea to Somalia, and at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden in the Indian Ocean. Our researchers are working constantly to help us anticipate and prepare for future developments. The more complex Tselina D first flew in 1970, a more complex Tselina D spacecraft started flying. jfv{6zv The first US SIGINT satellites, Galactic Radiation and Background (GRAB) were launched in 1960 by the Naval Research Laboratory, but the existence of the program was highly classified. The Marine units report National SIGINT Operations Center at NSA headquarters at Ft. Meade, MD. Some other IAF 707s are possibly configured for AAR/SIGINT operations. communications signals in the HF/VHF/UHF bands. [87] It is reported that one of these is already permanently operating over Iraq as part of the RAF effort to combat Islamic State militants. Full-Time. The SLR-25(V)1 Advanced Cryptologic Carry-on Exploitation System (ACCES) is a portable version of the SLR-25(V)2 SSEE (Ship Signal Exploitation Equipment) without dedicated SIGINT spaces. The British Nimrod R1 was a variant of the Nimrod maritime patrol aircraft. [86] Under the AirSeeker program 3 Rivet Joint RC-135 signals intelligence aircraft have been purchased for 670 million in 2013. The center contributed to planning with reference to situations in the Balkans and Africa in the mid-1990s. espionage is described as: Helios 2B is scheduled for launch in 2008. The AN/USC-55 commander's tactical terminal (CTT) is a multiservice-developed, special application, UHF satellite communications receiver that can be dedicated to receive critical, timesensitive intelligence by commanders and intelligence centers at all echelons, in near-real-time, at GENSER or SCI levels. [80] A reengined version, Sarigue-NG, went into service in 2000. [20] Meanwhile, the Waihopai Station was built by the Fourth Labour Government in April 1988 and began operations on September 8, 1989. Even more advanced ASA equipment was on P-2V aircraft borrowed from the Navy, and called CEFLIEN LION or CRAZY CAT platforms. However, this aggressive intelligence gathering does not make for better-informed government agencies or higher quality security policy. MASINT will include ground surveillance radars (PPSSD) and the ImprovedRemotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System (I-REMBASS) aboard a shelter-mounted HMMWV. [92] This needs to happen without creating a false firewall with military activities, as the US created NASA as an ostensibly civilian-only organization, deliberately picking a civilian, Neil Armstrong to put the first footprint on the Moon. Boeing has proposed a SIGINT variant of the P-8 multimission maritime patrol aircraft it has under development. `Kz;P*UbS2Pt{+V{a@>wADaULeG|e*FT An inactive station at Ramona in North Korea may reopen.[24]. It replaced the AN/TSQ-138 Trailblazer, AN/TRQ-32 Teammate, AN/TLQ-17A Trafficjam, and the AN/PRD-12 systems. One exception, the SIGINT auxiliary USSSphinx, generally stayed off the Nicaraguan coast. Journalist Duncan Campbell alleges that Ayios Nikolaos Station on Cyprus is a British SigInt collection installation. In addition to the SIGINT payload, the aircraft has a Tamam Stabilised Long Range Observation System (LOROS) high-resolution TV camera and recording systems. Far from it, in fact. Likewise, Arctic transits and deployments by allied submarines are generally first signalled when Canada's Atlantic Submarine Operating Authority is advised of foreign submarine movement across 70 degrees North latitude. Currently, under an Army directive, the relevant stakeholders are trying to clarify the EW support mission, which involves the collection and identification of signals, and the SIGINT mission as those in the community see them as complementary but not contradictory, Lt. Col. Chris Walls, deputy division chief for strategy and policy in the cyber directorate, said at the C4ISRNET conference. There is a SIGINT platoon within the Intelligence Company of the new Marine Special Operations Support Group. Access to intelligence information is contingent upon the completion of such training sessions. As a very basic part of those changes, not only are considerably more intelligence assets being assigned to the BCTs, but to larger army formations. UK E3D AWACS do not have SIGINT capability. Signals intelligence is a subset of intelligence collection management. RREP SS-1 modules may operate independently or semi-independently. The Gulf of Tonkin incident, in 1964, involved two-destroyer DESOTO patrols equipped with intercept vans, backed up with carrier air patrols. [59], Under the code names HOLYSTONE, PINNACLE, BOLLARD, and BARNACLE,[60][61] began in 1959, US submarines infiltrated Soviet harbors to tap communications cables and gather SIGINT. As sensitive information is often encrypted, SIGINT often involves the use of cryptanalysis. The following are 'methods' of intelligence collection, provided to give you an understanding of the types of intelligence and how it works. While some may call "Transformation of the United States Army" a "buzzword", the idea reflects some very major changes. Gulfstream executive jets are another platform of interest. [28] He places its Detachment 2 located at Sabana Seca, Puerto Rico; Detachment 3 at Sugar Grove, West Virginia; and Detachment 4 at Yakima, Washington. French Essaim ELINT satellites were launched with Helios 2A. Major improvements are an improved direction-finding antenna and an EP-2060 pulse analyzer. Italy is developing the Cosmo-Skymed X-band polarimetric SAR, to fly on two of the satellites. On 14 January 2002, the French Ministry of Defense launched a new purpose-built "Intelligence Gathering Auxiliary" ship project called MINREM, and was named Dupuy de Lme. It also can operate in a stand-alone mode. The Chinese airship that floated over the US and Canada was likely a multipurpose intelligence platform, gathering a variety of information types. These seven stations and their Wellington intelligence headquarters were linked to the Allied analysis centres in Australia. SIGINT is a broad discipline, and can include intelligence collection from various means including communications intelligence (COMMINT), electronic intelligence (ELINT) Radar and electronic warfare. Photographic intelligence was the program's primary objective, and the planes carried one of a . They operate sophisticated equipment to gather, sort, and scan intercepted foreign communications and non-communications. That TENCAP and TIARA complement one another, and benefit tactical and strategic units. [94] In June 1981, Stone Marion, a civilian who was the former Director of the Paris Airport, was named to the head of the SDECE but met with opposition, as a socialist and civilian, from inside SDECE. They also had a MASINT mission against Soviet submarines and missiles. true. impairment of a signals intelligence collection platform. Impairment of a Signals Intelligence collection platform or an unexplained compromise of U.S. Intelligence Operations are examples of The Tangimoana Station was built in 1981 by the Third National Government and began operations in 1983. [67] The 18 AP-3C Orion were upgraded to include fitting each aircraft with a new Elta EL/M-2022(V)3 radar, a nose-mounted Star Safire III electro-optical and infrared system, "highly capable" signals and electronic intelligence (SIGINT/ELINT) equipment, the UYS 503 acoustic system, a new automatic information system processor, a new navigation system based on two Honeywell H764G Embedded GPS/INUs, a new communications system and other improvements. Some features are common to multiple countries, such as a pair are two "chipmunk cheek" bulges containing SIGINT antennas. SIGINT (Signals Intelligence) is the intelligence gained by the collection and analysis of the electronic signals generated by specific devices. US submarines made extensive clandestine patrols to measure the signatures of Soviet submarines and surface vessels. 4 0 obj The vessel entered service in 2006, to replace Bougainville. Currently (2019) NIOD Alice Springs strength is approximately 700 AUS and US military and it is operating as an Echelon IV station subordinate to NIOC Maryland (CTF 1060). By Posted christian dior bracelet In hillsboro high school football coaching staff This was a major change in British policy toward the EU, in that Britain had wanted the EU to stay out of defense issues, leaving them to NATO. [66], According to the US Department of Defense, the Tactical Airborne Surveillance System and upgrades will be installed on Saudi E-3 and E-6 aircraft. 0s2#`<3:}pnBW,A)"ZBcD L&PXI"\i 3Y"3-gSp-we"P8-o4}_ 1 .ZsFW6S4~La-]"?a(]L\L`uC$Z\s0 Q`'/Hgt]0?PT7B/baB.K!KXTNcwv ZXVmj? 3X%?G%_oU8h etG3 Communications Interface Modules (CIM) provide man-machine interface between the TCAC PIP and other RadBn systems (e.g., team portable collection system, mobile electronic warfare support system) or external intelligence agencies. The handheld integrated directional receiver and homing (HIDRAH) system is a man-transportable, tactical, cordless, radio intercept and signal line-of-bearing (LOB) DF system consisting of several COTS items in an enclosure appropriate for the field. The first seems concerned with intercepting US telephone communications and data traffic, while the second appears aimed at US military satellites One is a large complex at Bejucal, just south of Havana, which has ten SATCOM antennas, and which is primarily concerned with intercepting telephone communications in the US. WEU has concentrated on IMINT, which is increasingly less sensitive than other intelligence disciplines due to the availability of commercial imagery. In mountainous terrain, it might again have applications, such as Afghan caves where wire might be run without the danger of free-space Technology, in many regards, has changed intelligence collection. Up to four PRD-12 stations can be networked, providing DF data to a mission control station via radio link with single-channel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS) equipment. The first generation was Cerise, launched in 1995 and damaged in 1996 by a collision with the French SPOT-1 earth resource observing satellite. vice city ice cream factory glitch; examples of unconnected transformation in informatica; cladograms gizmo answer key; most valuable items during great depression While not all ships have sufficiently secure areas for all-source (i.e., including SIGINT) intelligence sensors, commanders with access to all-source information can distribute appropriate parts to units under their command. the act of impairing something or the state or condition of being impaired : diminishment or loss of function or ability See the full definition AN/MYQ-8 will consist of three remoteable analysis workstations (RAWSs), one communications interface module (CIM), and one supervisor control module (SCM). The SAEC is an armored vehicle carrying ELINT and the Thales XPLORER COMINT to complement EW platforms. [58] They were supplemented or replaced four locally modified Tu-154Ms, comparable to the Russian 1980s vintage Il-20 ELINT aircraft. This site, which includes at least 11 collection antennas, seven of them directed at Atlantic satellites, is clearly as extensive and capable as sites in the UKUSA network. [92] Following the first successful launch on December 19, 2006, Germany, using a Russian booster, launched the second satellite in its planned five-satellite SAR-Lupe synthetic aperture radar constellation on July 2, 2007, the third on November 1, 2007, the fourth on March 27, 2008 and the last one on July 22, 2008. Early tactical stations were in use as early as World War I, but permanent strategic signals intelligence stations were established as world tensions grew before WWII. The service is examining its training and how it integrates the capabilities into its battalions. [93], Greece is a MUSIS partner, which should be considered in assessing the potential of information sharing among the partners.[93]. [62], Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation, United Kingdom: strategic ground platforms, United States: strategic ground platforms, US Marine Corps: tactical ground stations, US Army and Marines: tactical ground stations, United States: tactical aircraft platforms, United States: strategic aircraft platforms, European Space Council and current concerns. (ii) Bulk collection of signals intelligence. Germany operates several tactical ground platforms for SIGINT gathering. JDFPG is also being controlled by the Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) and is being operated under the UKUSA agreement. [citation needed] A full constellation of US-PU includes 34 spacecraft in LEO of 400km, but not more than one has been in orbit since 2004, along with two Tselina-2's.