Si bien la familia de una vctima no se puede restaurar cuando se lleva a cabo una ejecucin, un castigo menor socava el valor que le damos a la proteccin de la vida. We disagree. The first. Nuestra Familia | The Godfather Video Game Wiki | Fandom ], This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google. After traveling for a short distance, the station wagon came to a stop; Hernandez and appellants wiped fingerprints off of the car and the guns. I realized that at some point, after Sheila got killed," Salazar said. Stretch, U.S. Assistant Attorney General Leslie R. Caldwell of the Justice Department's Criminal I hope people understand, this is not a way to live.. 195.) 208] in support of his proposition. Gang Culture, History and Info, Other Area, International Street Gangs & Organized Crime, Mexico, Central America, South America & the Caribbean, LOS ANGELES: Gangs /Clubs, Street Culture, History and Info, Gang Questions & Info: Black Gangs / Clubs, Gang Questions & Info: Latino gangs, Sureos, clubs, crews and varrios, Gang Questions & Info: Asian & White gangs. Following a 22-day trial, the jury returned guilty verdicts and found the allegations alleged in the information to be true as to both defendants. If California votes to keep the death penalty, what does that mean for the state's execution methods? AVONDALE, Ariz. Casi seis meses despus de que la duea de un saln de belleza de Avondale fuera asesinada en su negocio por su esposo, sus hijos y clientes mantienen viva su memoria. None of the jurors could be immediately reached for comment. (SeeBruton v. United States (1968) 391 U.S. 123 [20 L. Ed. nom.,Kramer v. California (1976) 424 U.S. 926 [47 L. Ed. Mar. In Leach, there was no independent evidence of the existence of a "continuing" conspiracy to justify the admission of some statements under the coconspirator exception to the hearsay rule. The inmates interact like volatile chemicals: if you open their cells in such a way as to put, say, a lone member of Nuestra Familia in a crowd of Mexican Mafia, the mix can explode violently. We thought maybe (Lopez) was getting out of prison by now," said one relative who asked not to be named. The purpose behind this visit was to obtain a third gun so that each of the men would be armed during the planned robbery and so that each would be armed if they encountered Nuestra Familia enemies. The enterprise consisted of members and associates of the Nuestra Familia prison gang as well as Norteo street gangs in Salinas and the surrounding areas. The men returned to the station wagon and traveled to Villarreal's residence. In addition to the trial in Murphy's courtroom, which began in January and was set to go to the jury last week, another two trials with six defendants are under way just upstairs. [21] Other symbols include use of the number 14 or XIV, as the letter "N" is the 14th letter of the English alphabet. Newsom's proposed budget for the fiscal year starting 1 July seeks $1.5m to find new uses for the vacant death row housing. fn. El inspector de la polica Rycroft Philostrate (Bloom) ser el encargado de investigar el ltimo caso: el . Not so. In the letters, the writers often assume women's names, substituting Rhonda for Ron, for instance. Rptr. Get Morning Report and other email newsletters, Defendant Rodrigo Ortiz Paniagua (cq), 29, was arraigned today for four counts of homicide in Santa Clara County Court in San Jose. The defendants' unseemly scramble to turn coat not only made the cases easier to prosecute -- it began what law enforcement hopes may be the unraveling of the gang itself. . The five-year sentence on the assault count was stayed pending completion of the sentence on the murder count. Cobos, a former message carrier for the Nuestra Familia, described her duties and revealed the names of the superiors to whom she reported. In the alternative, Dominguez argues that he was denied due process because such evidence might tempt the jury to find him guilty due to his association with the gang. As of 2020, the average age of death row inmates nationally was 52 years . When the shooting started, Fred and Alex Santa Cruz and Steve Fierro ducked behind David Rodriguez' car. [20] Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger had complained that keeping the five remaining gang leaders located in the same prison only continued to add to California gang violence, and that they should be scattered throughout different prisons. No executions have taken place since 2006, when 76-year-old killer Clarence Ray Allen was killed by lethal injection. Historica Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. Castro's statements were merely cumulative of other testimony establishing Dominguez' participation in the shooting. App. fn. 1, and the Netas. As the prison population has exploded in the past decade, so has the influence of the gangs. 263]). As a subsidiary contention, Dominguez argues that he was denied due process because the evidence about the Nuestra Familia might have caused jurors to find him "guilty by association." Hernandez and Castro attempted to obtain the guns from the station wagon; Castro aimed the .38 out the window and emptied it in the yellow car as it sped away. We note that none of the jurors raised their hands when the court asked if they needed clarification in regard to its admonition. for cert.,sub nom., McGautha v. California (1971) 402 U.S. 183, 186 [28 L. Ed. There are currently 741 offenders on death row in the state. People v. Savala (1981) 116 Cal. Grade A are individuals who are programming and follow our rules, for the most part. The court then noted, "They are only being tried for this one crime, not all the other crimes that the Nuestra Familia might have done. Dominguez made a U-turn and drove by the residence a second time. He was classified as a "Grade B" prisoner at San Quentin, based on violent tendencies and gang membership. 5. Fabio Garza a Nuestra Familia soldier is murdered for stealing money belonging to the gang and using heroin. fn. [21] Nuestra Familia members often use the image of a sombrero with a machete as their gang symbol. 6.21.). In the instant case, joinder of the murder and assault charges was necessary in order to avoid the prohibition against multiple prosecution. Joe Fedelfido Gonzales | Murderpedia, the encyclopedia of murderers Last year the prison was accused of letting Covid-19 run rampant throughout the cramped and overpacked prison. 393, 528 P.2d 1], disapproved on other grounds in People v. DeVaughn (1977) 18 Cal. Although a "continuing" conspiracy is not probable in some situations (see People v. Pic'l (1981) 114 Cal. Or, as Chaucer would have said, guilty because of his membership in the "Parliament of Fowles.". Two more trials with one defendant apiece are still pending. Before the superior court hearing the section 995 motion, appellant's trial counsel said he had previously objected to the municipal court's assertion of jurisdiction on the assault count. Nuestra Familia 1982 Original R.i.c.o. Indictmentbabo Sosa Another prisoner John Mattox was transferred to San Quentin while showing signs of Covid. The group operates both within and outside of state prisons. den. 3d 531, 547-548 [166 Cal. The Vanguard prison gang was recently demoted to the status of a mere "disruptive group" by corrections officials. Code, 12022, subd. With regard to Dominguez' references to Castro in the tapes, the court ruled, "I think they have admissibility against Sammy Dominguez to show he knows Tonito and none of them accuse Tonito of anything." The verdict does not change how we feel about our brother/son/Jr. The San Jose spate of killings was allegedly set in motion on April 19, 1990, when Louie "Dumptruck" Chavez was paroled from Pelican Bay State Prison carrying a hit list allegedly drawn up behind bars by the Mesa, the Nuestra Familia's ruling council. fn. ITS housed some of the most brutal figures in modern history - 'Night Stalker' serial killer Richard Ramirez and cult leader Charles Manson to name a few. After receiving a letter warning him that Sheila Apodaca was "involving you in the recent homicide on two well-known vatos" and "needed to be put in check," Lopez replied: "In response to your most welcomed and vital message . "At first, when (gang members) would come to our side, we'd throw a party," said Kitty Constantinides. "The circumstances of his death are being investigated,". . La familia del estudiante de derecho afirma que se enter de que fue January 13, 1943 11 members of the 38th street gang are sentenced to prison for the murder of Jose Diaz. 3d 497] For example, Villarreal testified that Dominguez told him after the shooting about dropping a "card." East Block - home to 500 convicts - is a towering five storeys high. In an e-mail, Paniaguas sister Rachel said she will stand by her brother for the rest of their lives and praised attorney Owens for her stalwart defense. He saved the D.A. So . The challenged statements dealt with Dominguez' inquiries to his mother about Castro's whereabouts since his arrest and about Castro's failure to contact him. FN 4. Both the Familia and the Structure claim the color red, the number 14, the symbol of the Northern Star. Defendants Bobby Lopez, James "Huevo" Trujeque and Herminio "Spanky" Serna all face the death penalty. Under George Collord, the police gathered informants in prison, including "Red Raider", who revealed the leadership structure of the gang. [14] At the time of Operation Black Widow, law enforcement officials had estimated that Nuestra Familia was responsible for at least 600 murders in the previous 30 years. [3] Dominguez next contends that the trial judge abused his discretion when he refused to bar evidence on the criminal purposes of the Nuestra Familia on the ground that it was unduly prejudicial. 3d 719, 724 [129 Cal. Rptr. September 24, 1977 Death Row Joe Gonzales's order to murder of Nuestra soldier Eddie Serna for cooperating with authorities is passed on by Lieutenant Richard Din Castro to Robert Flores and Robert "Brown Bob" Viramontes. 434, 452 P.2d 650], affd. Quando uma segunda mulher assassinada, os habitantes da cidade se revoltam e o "recm-chegado" Hunter acaba virando um dos suspeitos. FN 28. 25 Strange And Bizarre Facts About Rodolfo Cadena App. Rptr. The leadership vacuum resulted in a power struggle between prospective generals. September 24, 1977 Death Row Joe Gonzales's order to murder of Nuestra soldier Eddie Serna for cooperating with authorities is passed on by Lieutenant Richard Din Castro to Robert Flores and Robert "Brown Bob" Viramontes. The constitution of the organization levies an automatic death sentence upon any member who turns coward, traitor or deserter. Over defense counsel's objection pursuant to Evidence Code section 352, Hernandez testified that some of the street activities of the Nuestra Familia include "robbery, sales of drugs, prostitution, extortion, contracts, meaning someone pays you to kill someone.". Hernandez said that he waited in the car while Dominguez and Castro attempted to "coax [Villarreal] into giving [them] some ammunition." Today 670 condemned inmates - including wife-killer Scott Peterson - are on the prisons chilling death row. 10 Dominguez reached across Hernandez, who was in the front passenger seat, and fired two shots from a .22 revolver directly into the crowd. 15. Casper was not allowed to put a hit on Armando Frias, as he was a government informant, but he said that he would have killed him if he was a regular NF member. These cases are inapropos to the present one, since the evidence related to activities of a gang to which appellant had pledged his loyalty. Nuestra Familia (NF) Timeline - StreetGangs.Com App. Evidence from Cobos and other witnesses established that Hernandez and appellants had to kill the Fierros in order to avoid punishment in the Nuestra [121 Cal. (Cf. A situation similar to the one condemned in Fulks is not present here--the statements were merely cumulative of other evidence showing that Dominguez and Castro knew each other and, in any event, were not prejudicial to Castro. 2d 335, 96 S.Ct. (b). Letters between the defendants, dozens of them, are a cornerstone of the prosecution's case. 752, 541 P.2d 296] (cert. App. Following the shooting near the Virginia Street residence, Hernandez took refuge in the home of Raymond Briseno, a Nuestra Familia member. Although initially stating that both appellants made the statement, Villarreal clarified that it was only Dominguez who actually said "they had dropped a card and they had got them good and he had seen one of them drop." Paniagua is accused of stabbing his girlfriend, who was pregnant, and his two daughters, 6 and 3 years-old. The 20 Most Notorious Women on Death Row - Stay At Home Mum Nationwide, as of October, there are over 2,500 men and women sitting on death row that consist of 1,062 Black people, 1,076 White people, 343 Latinos, 24 Native Americans, 47 Asians and one. Hernandez stated that the three men went to the park and waited for the Fierros' arrival in order to kill them. It didn't work. Rptr. App. [20] The remaining leadership of the organization in Pelican Bay consists of Daniel "Stork" Perez, Anthony "Chuco" Guillen and George "Puppet" Franco. 532].). (Poeple v. Leach, supra, 15 Cal.3d at p. Castro's defense was primarily one of mistaken identity. PDF MEXICAN MAFIA TIMELINE - Murderpedia dism. (Cf. FN 7. 's lives, and continued to host meetings over the next four months that were taped. Similarly, we believe the differences in sentence imposed upon Dominguez and Castro do not indicate an equal protection violation. FN 19. FN 25. East block prisoner and killer Raymond Lewis, 41, said: To me, this is worse than death. You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. Such a record is deficient and hampers intelligent appellate review. App. He then set their bodies on fire and went outside and smoked a cigarette. 441, 169 Cal. Appellant has not augmented the appellate court record to reflect any previous disposition by juvenile court judges. 353, 407 P.2d 265]) violation. 764-765). In the absence of a clear showing that its sentencing discretion was arbitrary or irrational, a trial court is presumed to have acted to achieve legitimate sentencing objectives and its discretionary determination to impose consecutive sentences will not be set aside on review. Garanta Pague seguro Compre solo autntico Patrick EWING ATLETISMO 33 Hi X Death Row Records Negro/Rojo Fantsticos precios al por mayor wholemeltextracts.com, 300.34 Las mejores ofertas para Patrick EWING ATLETISMO 33 Hi X Death Row Records Negro/Rojo estn en Compara precios y caractersticas de productos nuevos y usados Muchos . Code, 707, 707.1.) 55.5% of death-row prisoners have never married; 19.6% are divorced or separated; 21.3% are currently married; and 3.6% are widowed. App. But he was determined to repudiate the gang. Lopez v. Specter, No. C 06-02007 WHA | Casetext Search + Citator After Hernandez discovered that his ammunition was expended, he shouted, "Let's go" to Dominguez and Castro. Some law enforcement agents speculate that the Nuestra Familia gang, which operates in and out of prisons, influences much of the criminal activity of thousands of Norteo gang members in California. Nia (Neitz) Rados, 32, of Enola, passed away Tuesday, March 23rd, 2021. (People v. Owens (1980) 112 Cal. After ascertaining that Chollo was not there, the men returned to the car and took Manuel home. [121 Cal. In invalidating the admission of various extrajudicial statements under Bruton/Aranda principles, the appellate court noted under its factual circumstances that "the statements were not offered for the purpose of being added to otherwise admissible evidence, but for the sole purpose of being improperly playedoff against each other so as to demonstrate the collective consciousness of guilt of the three defendants." 320].) Gangs like the Mexican Mafia, Nuestra Familia, Nazi Low Riders, the Bloods, and the Crips also operate in the prison. The district attorney agreed with this assessment. 551] and People v. Jackson (1967) 254 Cal. But the prison is still no walk in the park. Apparently, Forde and her accomplices thought Flores was a drug smuggler. Despite the fact that they are facing -- at the least -- a life behind bars, the defendants seem to bask in the perverse prestige of their dangerous-gangster roles. County officials say they have spent $10 million so far, and the expenses continue to mount. ", On an average day on the street, "I'd get up at 10 or 11 and go party," Salazar said. What Really Happens In Your Last 24 Hours On Death Row? The facts to be recited are taken from the transcript of oral arguments on the section 995 motion. Us being locked in here, its like were watching this virus get steadily closer to us and theres nothing we can do.. 3d 494]. 3d 277, 288-291 [82 Cal. In sentencing Castro, the court noted: "The crime involved great violence. His partners in crime, 66-year-old James Trujeque and 53-year-old Bobby Lopez Jr., were also sentenced to death that year for a series of gang-related murders in the San Jose area. den. Were happy now; our girls can finally rest in peace.. Gov. 16 Unlike Leach and more akin to Saling (seeLeach, supra, at p. 432), there was independent testimony from Hernandez, Cobos and Villarreal which established that the Fierro killing was gang-motivated and that communication of the incident was essential to achieve recognition in and avoid punishment within the Nuestra Familia. "It takes time for a person to accept . The order will prevent the state from putting prisoners to death by granting temporary reprieves to all 737 condemned inmates on Californias death row, the largest in the nation. The inmates who formed the Nuestra Familia gang banded together to protect themselves from the Mexican Mafia, but then grew to be involved in drug dealing, extortion and robbery.[17]. Death-row inmate dies at San Quentin of unknown causes, corrections [9a] Castro then contends that it was an abuse of discretion to deny his motion for a mistrial because witness Cobos' testimony about statements made to her by appellant Dominguez substantially incriminated him. Code, 187) and an assault with a deadly weapon (Pen. Different regiments are scattered throughout California, headed by a lieutenant. [6] Pursuant to Penal Code section 995, Castro pursued a pretrial motion in which he claimed that the assault count of the information must be set aside. 3d 446, 453 [171 Cal. In addition, the trial court informed the parties that, "I will have to instruct [jurors] that [references to Castro apply] only to Mr. Dominguez' statements and not to Tonito." 13 One of Hernandez' orders was to kill any Nuestra Familia enemies which he and appellants might encounter while in Bakersfield. 3d 176 [113 Cal. An examination of these cases shows that their factual situations are quite divergent from the present one. Hernandez was given complete immunity in the municipal court for his testimony at this trial. App. The three men ran back to the car and sped away. Hernandez testified that the three men might be branded as cowards and killed if they did not retaliate against the Fierros after the Fierros had shot at them. App. (Harrington v. California (1969) 395 U.S. 250, 254 [23 L. Ed. 3d 491] sometime during the conversation. (See discussion in People v. Hackett (1981) 115 Cal. Paniagua, 33, will join about 700 other condemned killers in California on death row. The defendants are accused of killing Tony "Little Weasel" Herrera, Larry Valles and Esteban Guzman, alleged drug dealers who reportedly balked at paying taxes to the gang; Eli Rosas, said to have "disrespected" other gang members; Marcos Baca, thought to be a snitch, whose body was found on the grounds of Santee Elementary School; and Ray "Chocolate" Perez, a gang wannabe who may have made the mistake of breaking gang rules. Dominguez' counsel also argued that his client was guilty of no more than voluntary manslaughter. In the instant case, evidence of the Nuestra Familia's criminal purposes was critically necessary to show why Dominguez was motivated to engage in the activities which led to Wolfie's death. (Id, at p. All right, I will still overrule the objection because it does tend to show it is a criminal organization. ", BLOOD BROTHERS / The killing started when Nuestra Familia gang leaders felt their influence in San Jose waning, prosecutors say -- but the dead were all their own, Maria Alicia Gaura, Chronicle Staff Writer, Horoscope for Friday, 3/03/23 by Christopher Renstrom, No seriously, dont drive up to Tahoe this weekend, Wife of Jeffrey Vandergrift issues somber update, Snowboarder dies at Tahoe ski resort following historic blizzard, Scream publicity stunt floods Bay Area dispatch with 911 calls, The best fried chicken is at a San Francisco strip club, Rain reenters Bay Area forecast: Have an umbrella near you, The Warriors broke Russell Westbrook, just like old times, Arrest in killing of woman seen running through Tahoe campground, Mochi muffin bakery closes SF cafe after just 4 months, Oakland ransomware attackers leak 'confidential' data, You can see Maggie Rogers in SF for under $100 this weekend, 6 Cabo hotels for your spring break vacation, Your Privacy Choices (Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads). 478.) The court ruled that the tapes were admissible, although irrelevant portions were deleted before presentation to jurors. These are the 737 inmates on California's death row The death is not being investigated as a homicide or suicide but that it will take an autopsy to determine how he died, Thornton said. ", Another of the bitter legacies of Sheila Apodaca's murder is that her son, now 9 years old, is growing up an orphan -- his father died several years ago -- in the same small town as one of Bobby Lopez's sons. Mexico and El Salvador has received the most international recognition for street gang development as a result of US deportation, but other countries in South & Central America & the Caribbean including Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Domincan Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti [d'Hati], Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico [Estados Unidos Mexicanos], Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru [Per], Puerto Rico, Suriname, Uruguay, Venenzuela and many other islands in the Caribbean. November 17, 1960 William J. Veader Shooting Potter County. At 1:25 a.m., Bakersfield Police Officers Record and Parker received a broadcast which included a description of a white station wagon wanted in connection with an attempted murder. (Accord People v. McFarland (1971) 17 Cal. Appellant now contends that the evidence about his parole status was irrelevant to the case and was tantamount to introduction of "criminal propensity" character evidence banned by Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a). Before addressing these contentions, we believe the relevant facts should be set forth. Each individual 6x9 foot cells are covered in tight heavy mesh - making seeing outside almost impossible. Rptr. (CALJIC No. Mexico, Nuestra Familia (Spanish for "our family") is a criminal organization of Mexican American (Chicano) prison gangs with origins in Northern California. Although both Hernandez and Castro reported to the Salinas regiment, Hernandez testified that he made his trip from Fresno with an individual named Mackie Bacage. 3d 498] about "how many brothers we have in a regiment and how many robberies they did, how much money we had in the banks." Burge se ha convertido en un refugio para las criaturas de fantasa que han huido de sus respectivos mundos asolados por la guerra. [21], Federal law enforcement agencies, long unable to infiltrate Nuestra Familia, began to step up their investigations in the late 1990s. 2d 476, 88 S. Ct. 1620]; People v. Aranda, supra, 63 Cal. THE PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. SAMMY SIMENTHAL DOMINGUEZ et al., Defendants and Appellants. Hopper, Acting P. J., and Andreen, J., concurred. Founded in 1968 in Folsom Prison or in the Soledad Correctional Training Facility, Nuestra Familia originated as a prison gang that was formed by rivals of the Mexican Mafia, a Sureos gang. Moreover, unlike the situation in Perez, the court below took careful pains to note that it would not allow wholesale introduction of unrelated criminal activities of the Nuestra Familia. They were unsuccessful in this attempt. Cobos testified that she was living in the Salinas regiment. Some were forced to live in the Secure Housing Unit (the "Shoe"), where 12,000 inmates were held in a "prison within a prison" where the inmate was under constant surveillance. She is also survived by a brother, Ethan Neitz, of Mt. App. Hernandez was then put in contact with other individuals and made a trip to Fresno on October 13. fn. Their prison stronghold was Pelican Bay, where their main leaders lived. daisys.". 45], citing People v. Woodberry (1970) 10 Cal. Lieutenant Robinson described how one prisoner viciously "retired" guards in the adjustment facility, and said prisoners were punished by fellow lags if they didn't take a chance to attack officials. [22], In the aftermath of Operation Black Widow, the five highest-ranking leaders of Nuestra Familia, James "Tibbs" Morado, Joseph "Pinky" Hernandez, Gerald "Cuete" Rubalcaba, Cornelio Tristan, and Tex Marin Hernandez, were transferred to the United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX, the federal supermax prison in Colorado. I was already aware of the situation but didn't figure on the cancer spreading out so wide?! The three men believed they had been attacked "by possible enemies of the Nuestra Familia" and considered it their duty "to kill [the Fierros] if possible." At some point, the three men picked up Manuel, and Dominguez drove to a house where Chollo could supposedly be found. 3d 498, 507, 509 [165 Cal. With regard to the assault count, the information alleged that both defendants were armed with a handgun during the commission of the offense (Pen. 3d 501] of his association with the Nuestra Familia. On a practical level, the three- year murder spree that began in 1990 has resulted in the costliest series of trials in Santa Clara County history. The last meals of US prisoners on death row. Tracey Kaplan is a reporter for the Bay Area News Group based at The Mercury News. She also carried information to superiors [121 Cal. One district judge accused the prison for allowing lags to writhe in pain as they died due to a lack of staff training and the poorly lit gas chamber used for injections. Regarding his claim to good-time/work-time credits, this is compelled byPeople v. Sage (1980) 26 Cal. [20], While Nuestra Familia is primarily a Chicano gang, membership sometimes extends to other Latinos as well as non-Latinos. (Id, at pp. Man guilty of San Jose murders dies on San Quentin death row The People correctly note that the evidence relating to gang membership is different than the "criminal propensity" character evidence prohibited by Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a). In an interview between sessions in the witness box, Salazar said he turned state's evidence to avoid the death penalty, turn his life around and end four years of solitary confinement. Testimony by Cobos revealed that transmission of the details of the killing was a prerequisite to earning a "star" within the Nuestra Familia. With regard to the first count of the information, Castro was found guilty of murder and was found to be armed with a firearm during its commission. The three men then got back together a few hours later. Navarro opened up about her mother after she confirmed her mother had died. Overwhelming evidence independent of the references in the taped conversations showed the joint participation of Dominguez and Castro. The main Nuestra Familia trial now under way involves four defendants accused of seven murders, conspiracy and assorted violent attacks. fn. Similarly, Marina Cobos, a Nuestra Familia member acquainted with appellants, testified that gang members killing an enemy earned a "star," which represented respect and recognition within the Nuestra Familia organization. Penned in a Spanish-English patois and carefully worded, the letters reflect the cat-and-mouse game between inmates and "the landlord" who photocopies incoming and outgoing mail.