moist temperate coniferous forest

The understory also contains a wide variety of herbaceous and shrub species. Coniferous forest is a kind of biome situated in temperate regions of the globe that experience warm summers and cools winters, plus sufficient rainfall to enable the forest to thrive. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) are found in the boreal forests and temperate forests of North America and some parts of Eurasia. Abies pindrow is a keystone tree species of temperate forests in the Himalayan range with immense ecological significance. These adaptations help conifers survive in areas that are very cold or dry. The dominant tree in this biome is conifer, which is a cone-bearing tree. Contact Us . It Doesnt), Is Galvanized Steel Conductive? In some places, temperatures can drop as low as -58F (-50C), however, the typical winter temperature is around -4F (-20C). This allows hardwood tropical trees such as teak and ebony to conserve moisture. Temperate rainforests are coniferous or broadleaf forests that occur in the temperate zone and receive heavy rainfall. The Mediterranean forest biome generally has hot dry summers and cool winters. Rainforests are not just a feature of tropical climates, and many countries in temperate climates also have rainforests. Coniferous trees are characterized by either small and needle-like or scale-like leaves, and majority remains green throughout the year. Forests are land areas that contain many trees and they have their own ecosystem called a biome. In some areas of this biome, the conifers may be a more important canopy species than the broadleaf species. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a2c2f0c3c62691f In comparison with forests worldwide, the input rate of coarse woody debris in the Great Smoky Mountains study forest is moderate (Busing, 2005). Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests: These are mainly found in the temperate zone of the Himalayas between 1500 to 3300m where the annual rainfall varies from 150 to 250cm. Some animals hibernate during the winter and arise in spring when food is more plentiful. Temperate climate with temperature that fluctuates little throughout the year. precipitation is slightly lower, grow extensive, Deciduous forests are made up of tree species such as oak, maple, elm, beech, birch, and aspen trees. Annual rainfall varies from 150 cm to 250 cm; Distribution. A dry season occurs in the winter in East Asia and in summer on the wet fringe of the Mediterranean climate zones. Characteristics of Temperate Grassland Biomes, Tundra Land Biome Description and Characteristics, Types of Forests: Definitions, Examples, and Importance, Life in the Tundra: The Coldest Biome on Earth, Savanna Biome: Climate, Locations, and Wildlife, 15 Unique Plants That Flourish in the Tundra Biome, Freshwater Biome: Types, Plants, and Wildlife. Countries, where tropical rainforests are found, include Brazil, Peru, the Philippines, Indonesia, Cameroon, and Sri Lanka. The coniferous forest is sandwiched in between the tundra to the north and the deciduous forest to the south. . In other countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Cambodia, tropical dry forests tend to be evergreen. Pine and local species such as Araucaria. Another kind known as temperate coniferous forest thrives in lower altitudes of Asia, Europe, and North America in the high areas of mountains.Other subdivisions of coniferous rainforest are located at different elevations, specifically, in Central America, in the rocky . Typical coniferous trees include pines (Pinus spp. Some native communities still live in this biome. Boreal forest (taiga) can be found in cold parts of the world and include cold hardy trees. Some of the largest and richest coniferous forests in tropical and subtropical regions are found in Mexico and North America. Subtropical forests are located to the north and south of tropical forests. Potential Effects of Climate Change on Geographic Distribution of Castanopsis Forests in East Asia. The climate of the boreal or taiga forest is described as subarctic. Where are temperate forest biomes found in the world? Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). The temperate rainforest is a moist environment. "These disturbances can reduce forest productivity and change the distribution of tree species," the Environmental Protection Agency says. Here clouds usually form at canopy level and the forest environment can be continually misty or foggy. Both terms are used to describe the entire circumpolar coniferous forest with its many lakes, bogs, and rivers. Owls. - The coniferous forest is the largest biome ashore. This is not to mention the thousands of insects that inhabit deciduous forests around the world. 3. The Boreal forest is also called the taiga and stretches across the cold regions of northern Russia, Scandinavia, and Canada. In fact, it is estimated that there are over 300 species of deciduous trees in tropical rain forests. Thus, these trees shed their leaves in fall and bud new leaves in spring when warmer temperatures and longer hours of daylight return. Other subdivisions of coniferous rainforest are located at different elevations, specifically, in Central America, in the rocky mountains of and in eastern Asia. Moist and moderately warm; can range significantly Tiny, free-floating, photosynthetic plants in the ocean are called _______. Giant redwoods growing up to 367 ft. (112 m) are not uncommon in these temperate forests. Glaciers, Lakes, and Bogs This forest is characterized by cold temperatures, evergreen conifers, and a short growing season. [1][2], Da HingganDzhagdy Mountains conifer forests, Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests, Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests, Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests, Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests, British Columbia mainland coastal forests, Central British Columbia Mountain forests, Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forests, Sierra Jurez and San Pedro Mrtir pineoak forests, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temperate_coniferous_forest&oldid=1138355929, This page was last edited on 9 February 2023, at 06:26. However, Mediterranean forests can also include oaks, pine trees, and Nothofagus (southern beech) trees. A coniferous forest biome is chiefly made up of cone-bearing or coniferous trees, for example, pines, fir, hemlocks, spruces, cedars, cypresses, redwoods, yews, Douglass firs, larches, and kauris. Birds include woodpeckers, crossbills, warblers, kinglets, nuthatches, waxwings, grouse, hawks, and owls. The average summer temperatures are usually around 10C (50F). Moist Temperate Coniferous Coniferous Forest: This biome has a higher proportion of evergreen, cone-producing trees. These soils are low in mineral content, organic material, and number of invertebrates such as earthworms. This forest biome is also important for many migrating butterflies and birds. These are ready-to-use Coniferous Forests worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about the coniferous forests which consist of conifer trees and are cone-bearing evergreen trees that have needle-like leaves. Everything from insect outbreaks to wildfires has become more frequent and extreme. This subtype is sometimes called temperate rain forest (see temperate forest), although this term is properly applied only to broad-leaved evergreen forests of the Southern Hemisphere. Mosses, liverworts, and lichens cover the forest floor. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/coniferous-forest, NASA - Earth Observatory - Coniferous Forest. Although classed as a Mediterranean forest biome, this is not just restricted to countries around the Mediterranean. Also called reindeer in Europe, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) inhabit the taiga regions of Canada, Europe, and Russia. There are a number of animals that are unique to cloud forest habitats. Conifers are sometimes referred to as evergreen. They inhabit temperate forests and parts of boreal forests in Northern and Central Europe. Because of the unique growing environment, there are species of plants that only grow in cloud forests. Many countries in the tropical and subtropical regions also have seasonal forests. Forest Biome page 1 4. Physically, the Sierra Nevada Mountains range from northern to southern California, but floristically vegetation extends into the Cascade range of southern Oregon. Given the climate needs, deciduous forests are typically found in the Northern Hemisphere. The Araucaria moist forests cover an area of 216,100 sq km (83,400 sq mi), encompassing a region of mountains and plateaus in the Brazilian states of So Paulo, Paran, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. The temperate cool rainforests occur poleward of the Mediterranean region, 40- 60 N and S latitude, along the western coast of continents under the influence of the westerlies (roaring forties, furious fifties, screaming sixties; latter doesn't hit the southern continents) . As the glaciers retreated, they literally paved the way for modern boreal forests. Trees: Boreal forests are dominated by coniferous trees such as pines, firs and spruces, while temperate forests have a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees. Hardcover. Climate: Temperatures in tropical rainforests remain between . The soil present in coniferous rainforest biome is thin, acidic and contains fewer nutrients. In some, needleleaf trees dominate, while others are home primarily to broadleaf evergreen trees or a mix of both tree types. They thrive in moist areas and help to prevent soil erosion and also serve as a source of insulation during colder months. ), maples (Acer spp. [1]. Unlike mosses, lichens are not plants. The boreal forest biome is a habitat where bears, tigers, wolves, moose, caribou, and rabbits live. Hydropower development may be viewed as beneficial since it harnesses the power of moving water to generate electricity. Ponderosa pine tends to dominate the lower margins of the zone since it is the most drought resistant of the six species. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Due to the moist environment and lack of sunshine, cloud forests usually contain a wide variety of ferns and mosses on the forest floor. You might ask. Canada, Europe, Asia, and the United States, Coniferous forest regions have cold, long, snowy winters, and warm, humid summers; well-defined seasons, at least four to six frost-free months, Monthly Temperature and Precipitation from 1970 - 2000. The amount of precipitation depends on the forest location. Most animals develop thick coats of fur when winter strikes to insulate themselves from freezing temperatures. Another type, temperate coniferous forests, grows in lower latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia, in the high elevations of mountains. Also called grizzly gears, these inquisitive animals will try and eat just about anything they come across. Updates? The average rainfall in temperate deciduous forests is between 30-60 inches, while in temperate coniferous forests is between 50-200 inches annually. Brown bears can be dangerous for humans if they associate humans with food sources or want to protect their young. Dry conifer forests: They exist at higher elevations and have little rainfall. Another remarkable adaptation of conifer trees that enable them to survive the harsh coniferous rainforest biome winter is the needle they develop. (credit: Oliver Herold) Boreal Forests. The average temperature in winter ranges from -40C (-40F) to 20C (68F). Performance & security by Cloudflare. There are also small pockets of deciduous forests in South America and Australasia. Narrow leaf cottonwood (. They live in coniferous and deciduous forests and feed on rodents, birds, insects, and fruits. 300 to 900 millimeters (12 to 35 inches) of rain per year can be expected in this biome. Tropical forests are diverse and include many different forest types. Species of animals that inhabit coniferous tropical forests include bobcats, pine martens, wolves, cougars, elephants, and monkeys. These are predominantly coniferous forests with xerophytic shrubs in which Deodar, oak, ash, maple, olive, are main trees; On the Olympic Peninsula, where it reaches its maximum development Tropical rainforests are located near the equator and have a temperature that varies from 20 to 30 C (68 to 86 F) during the year. The extensive development of coniferous trees characterize the himalayan moist temperate forests. Because the forest canopy is so dense and the soil quality is poor, very little vegetation grows on the forest floor (understory). These forests are coniferous and mostly pure, 30 to 50m high. Humans can take steps to help conserve coniferous rainforest biomes by getting to know more about this biome and using paper prudently. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature, with broadleaf tree ecoregions, and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions.. This article explores the key characteristics of the temperature forest, include average temperatures, wildlife presence, and more. Both coniferous and broad-leaved species are present. Omissions? . Other animals store food and burrow underground to escape the cold. In the Southern Hemisphere, endemic genera such as Nothofagus and Eucalyptus occupy this biome, and most coniferous trees (members of the Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae) occur in mixtures with broadleaf species, and are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests. These predators are ferocious and agile, which means their prey must have unique adaptations to survive here. High levels of precipitation (50-200 inches per year) cause a moist climate and a long growing season. For instance, in northern coniferous forests, winters tend to be lengthy, cold and relatively dry, whereas the short summers tend to be moderately warm and moist. The average annual precipitation in coniferous rain forest biomes ranges from 300 to 900 mm. Montane forests are found in mountainous regions in the tropics. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The changing climate has already impacted temperate forests in a variety of ways. Precipitation varies from 50 inches per . [1] The term "mixed forest" comes from the inclusion of coniferous trees as a canopy component of some of these forests. b) Montane subtropical forest. Temperatures range from hot in the summer, with highs of 86 degrees F, to extremely cold . Coniferous rainforest biome is a cold area, which makes it hard for animals to survive. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Lets look at some of the common animals that inhabit the forest biome. Himalayan moist Temperate Forests. The biome of dry tropical forests can be home to animals such as elephants, tigers, rhinoceros, giraffes, and leopards. These can include types of orchids, shrubs, and unique plants such as insect-eating plants. Conifers tend to be evergreenthey bear needles all year long. These forested areas can contain a variety of broadleaved evergreen trees and even some conifers. Wolves (Canis lupus) are common predators in boreal and temperate forest biomes. These occurs in temperate zone between 1500-3300 m , where annual rainfall varies from 150-250cm; These cover entire range in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim . The moist temperate coniferous forest of the Pacific Northwest includes the area from the coastal ranges of northern California (below 5000 ft. elevation) to the southern coast of Alaska (below 2000 ft.). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In the Kppen climate classification they are represented respectively by Cfa, Dfa/Dfb southern range and Cfb,[4][5] and more rarely, Csb, BSk and Csa. Scots pine and Norway spruce are the important species in western Europe. As with most rainforests, temperate rainforests are evergreen and contain a diverse variety of fauna and flora. These forests are usually adapted to great climatic variations . These activities have, over the years, impacted this biome and areas around it and might continue to impact it moving forward. Like Kermit, conifers are evergreen. One of the features of cloud rainforests is that trees tend to be stockier and crooked rather than tall and straight. In the wetter parts of the same region exist the Temperate moist mixed deciduous . The temperature varies widely from season to season with cold winters and hot, wet summers. The northern Eurasian coniferous forest is called the taiga or the boreal forest. Because of their constantly warm humid climates, these forests are home to many species of evergreen and semi-evergreen deciduous trees. The climate and temperature of coniferous forests varies based on where they are located. Plants of the Temperate Forest. [Coniferous trees are tall, straight with narrow needle like leaves. The average yearly temperature is about 10C. The Park's plant cover is roughly 33% moist coniferous forest, 29% barren or sparsely vegetated rock/snow/ice, 16% dry coniferous forest, 8% dry meadow and prairie, 6% deciduous forest (primarily aspen and black cottonwood), 5% wet meadow or fen, and 3% lake surface water (with aquatic plants occurring in the shallower zones). Many of these areas also get monsoons during the wet season. An inland band of western rainforest, separated from the coastal communities, stretches along the Columbia and Rocky mountains. Forests are a unique habitat for many species of animals to live in. This is a vital adaptation to a harsh environment because regrowing leaves require loads of energy. Temperate forests are one of many biomes. Wolves hunt in packs and hunt large mammals that also inhabit forest biomes. The moist conditions of temperate rain forests generally support an understory of mosses, ferns and some shrubs. (Yes. Flight Center. Temperate coniferous forest is a terrestrial biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature.Temperate coniferous forests are found predominantly in areas with warm summers and cool winters, and vary in their kinds of plant life. How does climate change impact temperate forests? Coniferous trees keep their needles (right) all winter. The climate conditions in temperate deciduous forests are___, whereas they _____ in temperate coniferous forests. Some of the more common conifers are spruces, pines, and firs. These coniferous tree types are softwoods, which means they have the ability to get by in cold temperatures and acidic soils. Description and dynamics, locations and species. moist temperate coniferous forests of Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow, and Picea smithiana are prevalent, interspersed with deciduous trees of the genera Acer Prunus, Juglans, Aesculus, and others. Precipitation: 300 to 900 millimeters of rain per year. New and higher roots are produced in reaction to continued deposition of alluvial material at the bases of the tall trunks, which often surpass 250 feet in height. Both bigleaf maple and red alder (a nitrogen fixer) are also pioneer tree species on recently burned and heavily logged areas in the region. The current study was designed to investigate the spatial distribution, population structure, associated flora, and sustainability of Abies pindrow in the temperate forests of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. NASA Goddard Space Macaws feed on a variety of seeds, nuts, leaves, and other plant material. An ecosystem is an ecological unit consisting of a biotic community (an assemblage of plant, animal, and other living organisms) together with its abiotic environment (such as soil, rocks, water, temperature, slope of the land, etc. Temperate forest animals have many different ways to deal with the cold and lack of food in winter. Animals in the Mediterranean forest biome include apes, lizards, lynxes, coyotes (in California), leopards (in Northern Africa), and various small mammals. Because of this, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) is found growing with Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) in the higher altitudes. The average temperature of coniferous forest biome is 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Aspen is also common in areas of major soil disturbances . It is estimated that tropical and subtropical moist forests contain more species of animal and plant life than any other terrestrial biome. Location. Other tropical countries that have coniferous forests include the Philippines, India, Pakistan, Nepal, Nicaragua, and Belize. In the northern boreal forests, the winters are long, cold and dry, while the short summers are moderately warm and moist. . This means that there aren't a lot of shrubs, grasses, or flowers growing underneath the conifers. Temperature: -40C to 20C, average summer temperature is 10C. This vegetation exists in several layers, ranging from lichens and mosses on the ground layer to large tree species like oak and hickory that stretch high above the forest floor. . However, many varieties of berries such as cranberries, cloudberries, bilberries, and lingonberries grow in abundance. Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests occur in warm climates, usually in the range of 68-77 . moist and moderately warm; can range significantly The giant California redwoods exist in the ______ rainforest where temperatures are mild and rainfall can reach 100 inches/year. Most of the logging occurs through clear-cutting, which is utilizing high powered equipment to get rid of most of the surrounding forest trees. One kind of coniferous forest called the northern coniferous forest is located in 50 to 60N latitudes. 5. Rain Forest Plants. Vegetation: Coniferous-evergreen trees (trees that produce cones and needles; some needles remain on the trees all year long) Location: Canada, Europe, Asia, and the United States. B. Himalayan Moist Temperate . Because of the factors listed above, plant species in the coniferous rainforest biome have developed unique adaptations than plant species growing in other terrestrial biomes. Macaws are a type of long-tailed parrot in the family Psittacidae. whereas Kanasar has coniferous-dominated moist deodar forest. Siberia, Alaska) Tropical Moist Broadleaf (eg. It is estimated that tropical and subtropical moist forests contain more species of animal and plant life than any other terrestrial biome. . In areas of lower latitudes, precipitation tends to be equally spread out all year round. The Mediterranean climate is perfect for trees such as olive trees and eucalyptus trees to thrive. On shady slopes in the subalpine belt the natural vegetation gives way to Betula utilis forests and Salix krummholz, whereas on This corridor allows moisture bearing winds from the Pacific to reach the western slopes of the Rockies, resulting in a wetter, milder climate than would normally be expected. Coniferous Forests in the Subtropical Zone of China . Conifers are needle- or scale- shaped evergreen trees of the woody type and, as their name suggests, their reproductive structures are arranged in the form of cones. According to the Punjab Forest Department, Murree Forest Division (MFD) comprises of 47,285 acres of forest land. People, Forests, and Change. Download issues for free. Across the globe, there is a wide range of plants, animals, and environment that make up biome. There is also a major change in species in some of the higher zones due to a wind corridor through the Cascades. These are referred to as Sclerophyll vegetation and their waxy leaves help to keep in moisture during hot summers. The biome of mixed broadleaf and coniferous trees of the temperate climates. To the north of the redwoods in Oregon and southern Washington, where the soil is well drained and These elegant large felines are also known to inhabit dry forests in tropical and subtropical regions in the Americas. Precipitation in coniferous forests varies from 300 to 900 mm annually, with some temperate coniferous forests receiving up to 2,000 mm/ year (79 in/year). Coniferous forests with xerophytic shrubs in which deodar, oak, ash, olive, etc are the main trees. The pointed shape prevents accumulation of snow, which could damage coniferous tree branches. A forest is a type of ecosystem in which there is high density of trees occupying a relatively large area of land. Seasonal tropical forests can be found near to rainforests and are located along the equator. Because of its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the climate is mild and without temperature extremes. The temperate forest biome is one of the world's major habitats. Many kinds of biomes exist on planet earth including Aquatic biomes (freshwater, marine, estuaries, corals, freshwater wetlands) and terrestrial biomes (rainforest, tundra, savanna, alpine, desert, chaparral, temperate forest, deciduous, coniferous). In this article, you will learn about the many different types of forests. . The light-coloured, usually acidic soils of coniferous forests are called podzols (podsols) and have a compacted humus layer, known as mor, which contains many fungi. The moist subtropical forests form on eastern edges of . For instance, the ermine takes up a dark brown color in the summer, but transforms to white during winter to accord it remarkable camouflage. coniferous forest, vegetation composed primarily of cone-bearing needle-leaved or scale-leaved evergreen trees, found in areas that have long winters and moderate to high annual precipitation. Some authors identify the coniferous forests of the Atlantic coast of eastern Canada from Nova Scotia to southern Labrador, on Newfoundland, and in the mountains of eastern Quebec as temperate and boreal rainforest. Those that are not able to develop adaptation migrate to warmer areas. Both terms are used to describe the entire circumpolar coniferous forest with its many lakes, bogs, and rivers. These dense woodlands can include evergreen conifers, broad-leafed deciduous trees, or a mixture of these tree types. This precipitation is in the form of rain and snow. The northern Eurasian coniferous forest is named the taiga or the boreal forest. Temperate deciduous forests are found in regions that are slightly warmer and wetter when these trees do most of their growing. ), beeches (Fagus spp. The total amount of precipitation received in this biome hinges on its location. In temperate forests, common birds include screech owls, great horned owls, hummingbirds, woodpeckers, nuthatches, wood thrushes, American redstarts, hawks, blue jays . Mistletoe lives on trees and can kill the tree by taking the tree's water and nutrients. . Temperate Rainforest Biome: Climate, Precipitation, Location, Seasons, Plants and Animals, Deciduous Forest Biome: Temperature, Climate, Location, Plants, Animals, Copyright 2022 Earth Eclipse . Aspen is also common in areas of major soil disturbances, such as ravines swept by avalanches. The vegetational and elevational differences have a different effect on soil physical and chemical properties. There are six primary species in this zone, occurring either in pure stands or in various combinations. It is), Is Galvanized Steel Magnetic? "Climate Impacts on Forests." Also, some coastal areas can have temperate tropical forests or mixed broadleaf and evergreen forests. Warm temperatures, high humidity, and often misty conditions encourage the development of a mossy, moisture-loving plant layer under the giant trees of Sitka spruce, western red cedar, western hemlock, Douglas fir, and coast redwood. Tropical rainforests are characterized by tall trees growing up to 115 ft. (35 m) that form a dense canopy (overstory). . Edited by Deanna H. Olson and Beatrice Van Horne. Lodgepole pine, a prolific seeder with serotinous cones, and quaking aspen, a prolific seeder and sprouter, are particularly well-adapted to fire, and are among the first to successfully invade a burn, almost regardless of altitude or latitude. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Pines, spruces, firs, and larches are the dominant trees in coniferous forests. Coniferous forest biome includes animals such as moose, bears, foxes, deer, wolves, and eagles. ), or birches (Betula spp.). Text, video, photos, maps and coursework questions . The west slopes of the Sierras rise gradually from the Great Valley, receiving very little precipitation; heavy rains fall near mid-slope as a result of condensation of cool moist air. Of all the terrestrial biomes, coniferous biome is the largest in the world. The deciduous forest regions are exposed to warm and cold air masses, which cause this area to have four seasons. The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy composed of smaller mature trees, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 16:46. Temperate coniferous forests sustain the highest levels of biomass in any terrestrial ecosystem and are notable for trees of massive proportions in temperate rainforest regions. Temperate climates are moderate, and temperate deciduous forests can be categorized in terms of the species of trees that are most common. Deciduous forests are broadly classified according to the climate of the region in which they growtemperate, dry tropical, or moist tropical. They are known as subalpine and montane forests and are dominated by combinations of pine, spruce, and fir. Also, the dark, mild, and damp conditions mean that a diverse variety of fungi also grow in temperate rainforests. Many animals escape the harsh conditions by migrating to warmer regions in winter. Sugar pine reaches its maximum development in the middle of the montane zone where the climate is less extreme. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests occur in areas with distinct warm and cool seasons that give them moderate annual average temperatures 3 to 23C (37 to 73F).