Here is my best, honest recollection of what took place. It was the last day of my two week time there. Its more than being a traitor; millions of Americans felt treasonous during that war. MacArthur soon realized he was expected to win battles but lose the war. All of the facts, in retrospect, lead to the conclusion that the U.S. government's purpose in dragging America into Korea was not to defeat communism but to kill as many Americans as possible in an ignoble defeat, get rid of the hero MacArthur as a possible presidential nominee, and lure a disillusioned America into acceptance of one world government. Heres a transcript of her remarks so you can judge for yourself. Nobody remembers, nobody cares. Kellysaid she was among those at Fox News sexually harassed by Ailes. Switch to the light mode that's kinder on your eyes at day time. The people who are speaking out against the war are the patriots. She said the radio addresses were the only way to get access to American soldiers, because she was barred from meeting them at their bases in South Vietnam. Outside of herself, she was manipulated by the experts in the Communist government who are masters in the art of propaganda. Otherwise, she wouldn't touch a weapon if she was genuinely anti-war. The reason Jane Fonda went to Vietnam was not wrong as Mr. Sollinger put it but the way she behaved while in Vietnam was unappropriate. She has to be a murderess too. Ramsey Clark went to Hanoi during the war. Jane Fonda came clean in an interview with Chris Wallace about her Hanoi Jane days and her failure as a mother. JANE FONDA: It was a terrible mistake. I agree with TheWrap's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy and provide my consent to receive marketing communications from them. 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. Ramsey Clark went to Hanoi during the war. I mean again, I'm not trying to be pedantic about it, but an apology is, "I'm sorry for what I said. And that we probably couldnt win it not because they werent a fabulous soldiers. Market data provided by Factset. Have a tip or story idea? Its more than being a traitor; millions of Americans felt treasonous during that war. Youre gonna come through it, okay. Dave
His replacement, General Ridgway, said after the war: "The reason we didn't win is because I was under orders not to win". The story surfaced on the Internet in 1999, and my guess is that it will live there a long time. America. The Ms. , we thought, would signal a bit of ironic distance from the broad, ingenu- ous affection contained in Miss America. I am going to let the extract stand as it is, containing just enough truth to be uncomfortable, I think. She so symbolized the divided nation, hawks arrayed against her and doves siding with her, that she became a personal target, most recently with allegations about personal involvement in the mistreatment of POWs. During the photo sessions during her visit to Vietnam, she strongly believed were setups and a grave mistake on her part. Tom Cotton Gets Revenge On Liberal Media: Acting like lawyers for Chinese communists, Joy Behar Shocks World, Defends Marjorie Taylor Greene On The View, Kellyanne Conway and George Conway To Divorce After 22 Years of Marriage: Report, He started crying like a baby that lost his pacifier: Florida Sheriff On Tough Guy Rapper Arrested For Murder, White House Doctor Drops Friday Bombshell: Joe Biden Has Cancerous Tissue Removed, Ted Cruz Calls For Anthony Fauci To Be Prosecuted And Jailed For Lying To Congress, Robert F. Kennedy Jr Puts Biden On Notice, Says Hes Thinking About Running Against Joe In Dem Primary. And you were photographed sitting on an anti aircraft gun. If even one of them were true, it would change the entire focus of my article. Screw you. The answer, of course, is that they won't. His alliance with the Reds made sense, since both upheld elite control of the world. Politicians make mistakes that affect the body politic and statesmen sometimes direct a foreign policy that disregards individuals in the national interest. I sang a song. Why are people more angry at Jane Fonda that they are against, say, Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon, the people really responsible? The great General Douglas MacArthur drove the North Koreans, led by Red Chinese
She was a symbol of a divided nation. 1990) Pages 121-123. Heres her explanation, from 2011: I had decided to do the broadcasts because I was so horrified by the bombing of civilian targets and I wanted to speak to U.S. pilots as I had done on so many occasions during my visits to U.S. military bases and at G.I. Copyright 1949-2022 American Heritage Publishing Co. All Rights Reserved. Due to actions and images some people consider unpatriotic or treasonous, she earned "Claim: POWs were beaten for refusing to cooperate or meet with Fonda during her visit. _taboola.push({ Since the dawn of the Internet and a spate of anti-Fonda websites, there have been many fabrications and exaggerations regarding her actions, but her photo ops and press conferences to "give aid and comfort to the enemy" are not and never were in question. To begin with, the title is deliberately misleading: his real point has nothing to do with Jane Fonda. Others were hoping to catch a glimpse of a famous Hollywood actress. Thousands more were on the way, including Ernie Wallace (ph) and Ed Grummett. NORTH (voice-over): Thirty-five hundred Marines came ashore. Dr. Rockefeller certainly did not defend Communism as a "Jewish" system, since it is the Hebrew Bible that was the basis of our Common Law, and hence much of our Constitutional Order. Its going to look like I was trying to shoot down U.S. planes! CHRIS WALLACE: When you got that nickname Hanoi Jane, how did you feel at the time? Subsequently communist China was awarded a permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council, its most powerful chair. No one with half a brain took Jane Fonda seriously then, or for that matter, now. Del. I am trying to show up now.. I spent many years its when I made coming home talking to American soldiers, who had been in Vietnam and the things they told me were heartbreaking. She still does not know what she did wrong. I mean, the reality of it is that's not an apology. Alisyn Camerota hosted a number of Fox News programs during a 16-year run that ended in 2014. The story surfaced on the Internet in 1999, and my guess is that it will live there a long time. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, And the more they tried, the more. www.DanandGEnterprises.com
Lets break down her remarks. Her attackers renewed an old strike against the image of an actress who grew up as the daughter of the All-American Henry Fonda, yet became synonymous with the various rebellions of the Sixties. Even so, the main focus of my essay was whether Jane Fonda participated in war crimes, not whether she was morally culpable for her part as an apologist for the mistreatment of POW's (she was). I mean, the reality is, there were 24,000 American troops on the ground in South Vietnam. She called our president, according to this report, "a new type of Hitler," pilots "war criminals.". Stunning Black And White Photos of Van Nuys Boulevard In 1972 By Rick McCloskey, Pam Grier: 20 Photos of Beautiful Actress in the 1970s, 30 Photos That Show Fashion Styles Of Young Women In The 1970s, 30 Photos Of Barbi Benton In The 1970s And 80s, Babylonian Map of the World: The Oldest Map of the World, Most Impressive Armours With Attractive And Interesting Designs, Most Impressive Ancient Masks Created By Different Civilizations, Neverwas Haul: Victorian House On Wheels Inspired By Science Fiction Novels, Beachside Bathing Machines of Victorian England, The Evolution Of Women On The Cover Of Esquire Magazine. And I don't NORTH: Well, that's not going to happen. [1] According to a recent email that circulated to various Vietnam veterans, Fonda reportedly beat one POW, and betrayed the confidence of another, resulting in his death. It evidently didnt. Never. and booed people attending the event, according to the Frederick News-Post. A new HBO documentary on Fondas life, Jane Fonda in Five Acts, explores the fallout for the actress, who is now 80. I mean, it depends on what you want to know. Jane Fonda was more than just an actress born to a wealthy and prominent Hollywood family. Nevertheless, there are Vietnam veterans out there who served in the war zone before 1969 who are convinced that Jane Fonda was in cahoots with the Commies during their own tours. In it, she apologizes once again for insulting the men and women who fought in Vietnam. Whereupon Truman dismissed MacArthur for insubordination. Fonda traveled to Hanoi, Vietnam, to protest the Vietnam War, but she did not do most of the things the post claims. Look it, there were clandestine operations conducted in every war. I mean, that's what you and I do with our wives when we say something that we shouldn't have said. They held signs that read Forgive? During an interview with Barbara Walters 35 years ago, Oscar-winning actress Jane Fonda apologized for being used as propaganda for North Vietnam when we were still fighting North Vietnam. [2] Peter Collier, The Fondas; A Hollywood Dynasty. All rights reserved. Now, I leave it NORTH: Well, yes, as a matter of fact I think she is. The "New World Order" of the capitalists and the communists is not "Jewish", sir. This "police action" quickly developed into a full-blown but undeclared war. To license content, please contact licenses [at] americanheritage.com. Nobody remembers, nobody cares. I know what its supposed to be now. I went to a session at the 2003 Peace History Society Conference in Mt. It sounds loony until you actually think about it - and the general thesis of "no-win wars" (i.e. SIGN UP FOR OUR FREE DAILY NEWSLETTER, FIRST TAKE, Megyn Kelly Trashed by Rosie O'Donnell as 'Spineless Wanna Be Barbie' for Jane Fonda Spat, 'Jane Fonda in Five Acts' Film Review: Doc Explores the Many Lives of the Actress-Activist, How Jane Fonda Explains 'Hanoi Jane': 'Regret to My Dying Day', said she was among those at Fox News sexually harassed by Ailes. She claimed she was sexually harassed by correspondent Brian Wilson and later spoke out against Fox News' culture after the Ailes scandal broke. I will never know. The cameras flash. Jane Fonda and the Vietnam War. Fonda may have regrets about those photos in particular, but shes never regretted her political activism. Daughter of legendary Henry Fonda, actress, and activist was one of the most outspoken people against the Vietnam War at the age of 34. She went to tour the countrys dike system, which was rumored to have been intentionally bombed by American forces something the U.S. government to this day forcefully denies. There is no doubt these treasonous no-win US wars were meant to disillusion the American nation into accepting loss of sovereignty and one world government." She is the daughter of legendary actor and WWII Naval Officer Henry Fonda. From Urban Legends:
The cover called her Ms. The chance to remake oneself is a universally acknowledged strength of this Republic, and the Republic itself has done it often enough. YOU'VE REACHED YOUR MONTHLY ARTICLE LIMIT. Oh, my God. NORTH: As a matter of fact, no. Fondas transformation from actress to activist began several years earlier. Mr. Nolan wrote something that helped me better understand the fury of this sort of reaction. She sided with the Viet Cong as revolutionary liberators. And she travelled to Hanoi at a time when North Vietnamese soldiers were killing Americans. Kelly was defending herself after Fonda said over the weekend that the question was so inappropriate and that Kelly is not that good an interviewer.. Peter Braunsteins article speculated that Jane Fonda had this ability to a degree unique in modern times. But also admits to consulting with psychics. Forget? I got the main point across. She has to be a murderess too. She went to Hanoi that year to tour villages, cities and infrastructure. A series of photos of her sitting at an NVA anti-aircraft battery earned her the nickname Hanoi Jane and the undying spite of Vietnam veterans everywhere. There were also rumors she turned over secret messages from POWs to their captors. I spent many years its when I made coming home talking to American soldiers, who had been in Vietnam and the things they told me were heartbreaking. Rudi Bakhtiar jumped from CNN to Fox News in 2006. An analogy: I'm more upset by somebody coming into my house and stealing from me than I am by a tax increase, or even by government malfeasance. She was young and famous at the time, maybe the Iraqi insurgents could get some of the present crop of empty headed celebrities, Britney Spears perhaps, to pose next to those Muslim mopes in robes and head towels while they aim their weapons. CNN anchorChris Wallace grilled Hollywood legend and activist Jane Fonda over her controversial visit to North Vietnam that caused millions to dub her Hanoi Jane, and got a full spectrum response on the subject. Urban Legends story then identifies the POW and gives some quotes about his treatment by the NVA. Imagine its the Battle of the Bulge and Betty Grable is up on top of a German tank saying the Yanks are fighting an evil war. Its not a preposterous analogynot as far as the soldiers involved are concerned. Of course, she was a Vietnamese. Legal Statement. And I was I was like a limp noodle what I had experienced and what I had seen, I just I wasnt able to resist, they said were gonna take you out here today. The POWs who were there have denied that this ever occurred. No license is granted to the user of this material except for the user's personal or internal use and, in such case, only one copy may be printed, nor shall user use any material for commercial purposes or in any fashion that may infringe upon Fox News Network, L.L.C. It hurts me, she said, and it will to my grave that I made a huge, huge mistake that made a lot of people think I was against the soldiers., The Dragon Lady: How Madame Nhu helped escalate the Vietnam War. In her book, she says she's a Christian. After countless apologies spanning four decades, Breitbarts John Nolte believes Hanoi Jane Fonda should finally be forgiven for her antics in Vietnam.. Fonda has said categorically that she was an adult at the time and called her And its about a woman who had a capacity for reinvention that, like Jay Gatsbys, was the more effective for her whole-souled belief in what she devised. We have no right to attack that country. Whether youre a lifelong resident of D.C. or you just moved here, weve got you covered. Megyn Kelly lit into Jane Fonda on Monday, highlighting the behavior that earned the actress the nickname Hanoi Jane while defending the time last fall when she questioned Fonda about plastic surgery. Those words were written by Michael Benge, a civilian advisor captured by the Viet Cong in 1968 and held as a POW for 5 years. container: 'taboola-right-rail-thumbnails', North Vietnamese press reported and Fonda later confirmed that she made several radio announcements over the Voice of Vietnam radio to implore U.S. pilots to stop the bombings. She posed on an anti-aircraft gun used to shoot down our American pilots. And heres Cat Ballou, the beautiful daughter of Young Abe Lincoln, of Mister Roberts, beaming down from a machine designed to kill them. Only the bankers know. But she was advised by other activists to focus her political energies, deciding to go all-in as an impassioned voice for the antiwar movement. Fonda was accused of engaging in war crimes on behalf of the North Vietnamese. We're going to take them out. Jane Fonda came clean in an interview with Chris Wallace about her Hanoi Jane days and her failure as a mother. NORTH: Irrefutable for the three things she did, and I defined for you the rule, the actual constitutional language defining treason. Jane Fonda was more than just an actress born to a wealthy and prominent Hollywood family. Jane Fonda came clean in an interview with Chris Wallace about her Hanoi Jane days and her failure as a mother. Id been getting pretty sour about the incensed patriots who would curse me and my family and confidently speak on behalf of all veterans living and dead, and the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress, to declare I was a disgrace to America for running that storythen conclude by smugly assuring me they would never read it. He didnt live to see it published. What followed was a long-lasting wave of criticism and international outrage that earned Fonda the nickname " NORTH: These are the things that this woman did, and she has not apologized. Due to the pressure of so-called "rationalists", Article VI, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution forbids Congress from excluding Communists, Anti-Semites, or Globalists from its membership, allowing the control that you decry. COLMES: Many of us forgive many of us forgive George W. Bush (search) for being young and irresponsible, and maybe we can also forgive Jane Fonda. The U.S. government secretly abets communism around the globe, then sends in the American military to "contain the communist menace". WebNevertheless, there are Vietnam veterans out there who served in the war zone before 1969 who are convinced that Jane Fonda was in cahoots with the Commies during their own What most Viet-Nam veterans think about Jane Fonda is expressed in a number of products sold by D & G Enterprises,
Thats all the ground troops were going home. Four die; one, Col. Larry Carrigan, survivesjust barely, but it is he who tells about the incident. Thats all the ground troops were Jane Fonda sparked outrage among war veterans when she was pictured sitting on an anti-aircraft gun in 1972 during the Vietnam War, earning her the nickname Hanoi Jane. Lee said she still loves being a journalist and thatshehas"some really big ideas on how to better serve you in that particular arena" without Fox News. The Army builds a tolerance for violence, she shouted at the crowd. But literally working hand-in-hand with the enemy to promote their cause to a worldwide audience was not protected by the First Amendment then just as it is not protected now. Many Americans disapproved of Fondas comments Some lawmakers calledher actions treason. Jane Fonda remains unforgiven. I want you to go home and say, "I'm sorry I got caught doing the wrong thing.". The financial elite then move into the vacuum, establish central banks, and issue debt-credit to the devastated populations. Did our government lie to us during Vietnam? Just another old women of no consequence, don't give her any credit for ending the war, people like John Kerry and Max Cleland don't even think it's over yet. More than 58,000 Americans died in the war.. In July of 1972, she made two trips to Watch above via HBO Max and CNNs Whos Talking to Chris Wallace. In her 2005 memoir, My Life So Far, Fonda wrote of the infamous photo this way: Still,for some veterans, no apology from Fonda will ever change their views of her as an adversaryof America and the troops during wartime. She called our POWs hypocrites and liars and referred to their torture as understandable. And, you know, I think they thought, Oh, shes this white privilege rich, famous daughter of all of that stuff. Especially considering that the Republican Party has obviously now been captured by the same forces (the 'Illuminati', hehehe). JANE FONDA: It was a terrible mistake. Sheturned down a four-year, $100 million offer to stay with Fox News saying that one of the reasonsfor her departure was to spend more time with her kids. But the action that still enrages veterans most was that photograph of her with North Vietnamese troops onan antiaircraft gunthat would have been used to shoot down American planes. Quite the contrary. She visited Russia in the early Sixties, and was personally impressed by the deference she received. Its something very like the worst sort of lovers betrayal, the deep wound that time itself often is powerless to heal. I dug in my heels. I should have been clearer that my anger back then was at the Nixon Administration. ED GRUMMETT, USMC: The night before we made the landing at Chu Yuan (ph) we were listening to Hanoi Hannah and how they were going to annihilate us on the beach. And by the way, did our government lie to us during Vietnam? Congress held hearings. I feel sorry for NORTH: She didn't apologize, Alan. On the basis of those meetings alone, she proclaimed that American POW's weren't being mistreated, and that any who said they were mistreated werte either liars, or were simply experiencing punishment for their racist treatment and attitude towards their Vietnamese captors. It is nothing more and nothing less than the full culmination of Greco-Roman Humanism as it has defined itself throughout the thousands of years. This story hearkens to a real visit to North Vietnam by Jane Fonda in July of 1972, but the stories about betraying POWs is not true. The Fonda trip became unforgettable because it infuriated Americans, especially Americans in uniform, many of whom still regard her as a traitor. Fonda told the audience that their protests saddened her.
mode: 'thumbnails-b', The alleged mission was to prevent communism from spreading to South Korea, a peninsula pointed at now disarmed Japan. officer gets an idea. Hundreds of Americans had gone to North Vietnam, journalists diplomats, our Secretary of State Ramsey Clark, Vietnam veterans, but I said but a movie star hasnt gone and maybe if I go it will draw more attention, and thats what it did. JANE FONDA: It was a terrible mistake. This weekend's special I mean, this is very moving. NORTH: The real story about Vietnam. Even Trotsky, whose philosophy I do not advocate, could see this relationship between the capitalists and the communists clearly (hypocritically denouncing it, since he went along with it). The Bushes have a long-standing relationship with Red China, one that has hardmed our national security, yet few attack them as vociferously as Fonda was attacked. quote: Fonda was a political activist in the counterculture era during the Vietnam War. Truman warned Chiang to integrate communists into China's nationalist government or American aid would be withdrawn. Screw you. officer gets an idea. Many Americans traveled to Vietnam on peace delegations to end the war, yet it was Jane Fonda who was captured as a timeless image when she was photographed looking through a Viet Cong anti-aircraft gun. ET!. Imagine its the Battle of the Bulge and Betty Grable is up on top of a German tank saying the Yanks are fighting an evil war. Its not a preposterous analogynot as far as the soldiers involved are concerned. And you know, maybe I was set up but I was an adult, its Im gonna take responsibility for it. "Because of this," the narrative continues, "I spent three days on a rocky floor on my knees with outstretched arms with a piece of steel placed on my hands, and beaten with a bamboo cane every time my arms dipped." But Jane Fonda: Cancel my subscription! Whether Fonda wanted to shame troops is subjective. Hundreds of Americans had gone to North Vietnam, journalists diplomats, our Secretary of State Ramsey Clark, Vietnam veterans, but I said but a movie star hasnt gone and maybe if I go it will draw more attention, and thats what it did. I think that this is rather odd. CHRIS WALLACE: So when you say it was a terrible mistake. Heres the picture that was used to shut shut down American plants, critics, and there were millions of them, called you a Hanoi Jane and said you were a traitor. target_type: 'mix' But when you know why you did something, and youre willing to admit the mistakes that you made, but stand up for the things that you did that that mattered? Legal Statement. And I didnt even think and they sang me a song and Im made me laugh. The Roger Ailes and Bill OReilly scandals have cast even some old departures in a new light. Many Americans traveled to It all has nothing to do with where I am sitting. MacArthur publicly insisted upon victory, infuriating the international banks. wars the intention of which is not to win but to bleed) is quite plausible. Thats what made me laugh. Greta Van Susteren -- who had been one of Ailes' most stalwart defenders -- left in early September 2016 after saying that Fox had "not felt like a home" for years. One showed her applauding North Vietnamese anti-aircraft gunners. The war was being fought by the air during during the Nixon administration. Thats what made me laugh.
5:15 After numerous apologies over four decades, its time to let Hanoi Jane Fonda off the hook for Vietnam. Here's the record, number one: you've got the photo on the anti-aircraft gun that you add on during the transition. I did not know then. WebDaughter of legendary Henry Fonda, actress, and activist was one of the most outspoken people against the Vietnam War at the age of 34. CHRIS WALLACE: Your most famous protest was 50 years ago when you went to North Vietnam at the height of the war there. Maybe. She went to tour the countrys
Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper. North Vietnam, 1972,: Jane Fonda is in the midst of her visit when an N.V.A. In Hanoi, Fonda also met with seven American POWs and later said they asked her to tell their friends and family to support presidential candidate George McGovern; they feared theyd never be freed during a Richard Nixon administration. Then Dr. Spock attacked the Vietnam draft. But when you know why you did something, and youre willing to admit the mistakes that you made, but stand up for the things that you did that that mattered? Jane didnt make her infamous and idiotic trip to Hanoi until 1972. She also spoke about her infamous protests. Her rebellion against the foreign policies of the United States suggested to many outraged Americans that treason might have an All-American face, a familiar accent, and be closer to home than the Other that had previously been assumed to embody the enemy. I plead with him, You have to be sure those photographs are not published. And, as she does, each POW palms her a scrap of paper with his Social Security number written on it. And it was a terrible mistake because of the image that it showed, which was not at all what the reality was. She was reportedly also an aspirant for a role on "Fox & Friends," the network's morning show. All Rights Reserved, Copyright MAGA Conservatives. This, probably more than anything, earned her the nickname Hanoi Jane.. I appealed to them to please consider what you are doing. OLIVER NORTH, HOST, "WAR STORIES": Actually, she's not really apologizing. The journey of Jane Fonda: Ive always been curious. By July 1972, when Fonda accepted an invitation to visit North Vietnam, America had been at war overseas and with itself for years. She was a symbol of a divided nation. I mean, he realized that. Thank you, sir. The day anti-Vietnam War protesters tried to levitate the Pentagon. [1] Cited on November 24, 2004. http://www.truthminers.com/truth/hanoi_jane.htm; Biden Should Remove Cuba from List of State Sponsors of Terrorism, Descendants of Slaveholder Donor Denounce Law School Name Change, How Social Media and Community Schools Could Fill in Gaps Teaching Black History, American Girl Dolls Declare the 1990s Ancient History, Review: DeSantis's Book is a Campaign Tome Written by ChatGPT, Reconsidering Phillis Wheatley's Place in the Revolutionary Era, Philosopher Lewis Gordon's Impact on Black Jewish History, Quintard Taylor's Black Past Project Fights Erasure of History, Review: The Unfinished Business of "Double V", One Reason to Confirm National Archivist Fast? And definitely not fonda Fonda. I hardly even think about where I am sitting. Joe? Jane Fonda tested the limits of patriotic dissent. window._taboola = window._taboola || []; Fifty years later, he bears witness again. tips@mediaite.com. [3] And she referred to the POW's as hypocrites and liars.[4]. But Jane Fonda: Cancel my subscription!, In replying, I discovered that the Good Book notwithstanding, a soft answer turneth away wrath no more than zo percent of the time. By denying their mistreatment or not investigating their treatment,in an effort to sway public opinion to her own perceived vision of the national interest, she did harm to her countrymen in captivity. She said: I have very few regrets. One of the times it did, Im happy to say, was with Keith Nolan, the author of several books on the war, most recently Ripcord , a superb account of the 101st Airborne in the conflicts last great battle. But newly discovered tapes tell a very, very different story. There's nothing like a historian 'cherry-picking' his citations or only presenting a partial 'truth' from his source. Have a tip we should know? Christopher Andersen, Citizen Jane (New York: Henry Holt and Company. Hows this for a story? Just before that experience, she said the words that continued to play through her head were: All men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. T. Jefferson. He collects a group of American POWs from their septic dungeons, cleans them up, and has them mustered on parade to show his guest how well his embattled nation treats its prisoners. Heres how we saw the article we ran: It is a survey of the singular career of a woman who both drove and was driven by many of the largest social concerns of her era, and who came to embody some of them.