Giy php hot ng Trung tm chuyn luyn thi IELTS s 4478 /GCN-SGDT H Ni. As Gaston himself demands, "And don't I deserve the best?" This ad implies that the objective of the war in Iraq was not in fact, as Bush claimed, to liberate the Iraqi people from a terrible dictator, but to ensure the profits of U.S. oil companies. This tactic is not only personally offensive but also logically unacceptable . The video begins with a clip of the Pentagon bombing; the second clip is of the price meter on a gas pump counting away as if someone were filling up her vehicle. The whole town dismisses poor Lampy. According to Whately, ad hominem arguments were "addressed to the peculiar circumstances, character, avowed opinions, or past conduct of the individual". Two Wrongs make . Mother Gothel is such a perfect exemplar of the manipulative, dishonest arguer that I could probably write this whole article based on her tactics. Here in this article, we will learn about the examples of logical fallacies that we may face in our daily life. A recent example of this can be seen in a quote used in a Watchtower publication from July 2017, titled "Winning the Battle for Your Mind." . Attacking the motive is a negative fallacy, in that it detracts from the claim. It could be fallacious because a disposition to make a certain argument does not make the argument invalid; this overlaps with the genetic fallacy (an argument that a claim is incorrect due to its source). commits the fallacy of attacking the motive. Bi vit ny s n gin ho cc khi nim, gii thch v a v d v cc hnh thc ngu bin chng ta c th gp v mc phi trong giao tip hng ngy v ng cnh hc thut. In the realm of critical thinking, a fallacy is an error in reasoning that can undermine the validity of an argument or belief. Cho d nhng ngy bin ca bn c v hp l n u cng khng th no dng bo cha cho nhng hnh vi sai tri. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Many contemporary politicians routinely use ad hominem attacks, which can be encapsulated to a derogatory nickname for a political opponent. Does the attendee have a point? Vo nm 2015, ngi ng u U ban Cng chnh v Mi trng Thng vin Hoa K James M. Inhofe gi bin i kh hu l tr bp bm v i nht tng c biu din trc ngi M. Mother won't let Rapunzel grow up and travel for fear her daughter will discover the truth. It is a combination of fallacies. Consider whether the arguments or evidence presented are logically coherent and consistent. succeed. ", This page was last edited on 21 April 2020, at 02:48. Pete's mean old adoptive family sure know how to apply a fallacy when they use the Argumentum ad baculum(appeal to the stick), literally at some points. Denying the Antecedent Fallacy & Examples | What is Denying the Antecedent? Mt ln na, cc ngu bin lin quan (fallacy of relevance) xy ra khi ngi lp lun a ra lun khng lin quan logic vi kt lun. Ad hominem arguments attacking a person to disprove his or her claims is considered a logical fallacy. Attacking someone's character or motives instead of engaging with their ideas or arguments. The Ad Hominem Fallacy. [20], Abusive ad hominem argument (or direct ad hominem) is associated with an attack to the character of the person carrying an argument. [15], Circumstantial ad hominem points out that someone is in circumstances (for instance, their job, wealth, property, or relations) such that they are disposed to take a particular position. Hc sinh: Nhng bn lp trng cng lm vy m c? Before the usage of the fallacy, Abigail was pestering the girls to have the same story of the night before so she would not get into trouble for doing witchcraft. Indeed, it is often assumed that the mere possibility of motive is evidence enough. Ad Hominem is a logical fallacy that attacks the claimant instead of the claim (Hansen & Fioret, 2016). The whole town dismisses his concerns, to their own detriment and very nearly to the loss of both Elliot the dragon, and their town. Home Ask Your Question! The girl exits the dressing room and begins to give away free samples at a promotional event for an unnamed tobacco company. All of them are similar to the general scheme of ad hominem argument, that is instead of dealing with the essence of someone's argument or trying to refute it, the interlocutor is attacking the character of the proponent of the argument and concluding that it is a sufficient reason to drop the initial argument. Consider the strengths and weaknesses of each perspective. unlike testimony," writes Edward Damer in Attacking Faulty Reasoning, "is entirely separable from its source. Do vy, chng ta nn b qua li ni ca gio s X. Cch a ra l l ca dng ngu bin ny l: X thin v hoc c ng c gy tranh ci. Engage with the substance: Address the actual points or evidence raised by an argument or belief, rather than attacking the persons motives or character. It is he who only pretends to care about Quasimodo for his own purposes. Like the darts he literally throws at the wall, eventually he was bound to hit upon something he could score with. As such, this type of argument may be an informal fallacy. This ad attacking Bush's war commits the fallacy of attacking the motive. Some additional examples of the "Appeal to Motive" fallacy include: Dismissing someone's argument by claiming that they have a personal bias or financial interest in the outcome. EXAMPLE 1 "Smoking pot is against the law because it's wrong; I know it's wrong because it is against the law." EXAMPLE 2 Italian polymath Galileo Galilei and British philosopher John Locke also examined the argument from commitment, a form of the ad hominem argument, meaning examining an argument on the basis of whether it stands true to the principles of the person carrying the argument. As with other types of ad hominem attack, circumstantial attack could be fallacious or not. B: Bn c ht c nh ngi ta khng m ni? Assigning a motive and then attacking the motive Been thinking about what fallacy this may be lately and I can't quite place it, it seems close to Ad Hominem (Circumstantial); but also somewhat like a Strawman. B talks as an authority figure. Ngy bin cng kch c nhn (Personal Attack/Ad Hominem). This fallacy only appears to be an argument when in fact it's just restating one's assumptions. [20] This is commonly seen in informal arguments where a person's looks or characteristics are often attacked instead of the argument they're making. You have one or more errors in this form. And if she doesn't, there is something wrong with her! Here are examples of when an argument is based on attacking the motive and leads to a faulty conclusion. The Argument from Motives. Cnh st iu tra: C X, ti sao c li thc hin hnh vi mua bn dm bt hp php? It also appears after major events (such as scandals and terrorism) linked to a specific group. "Personal attack" redirects here. Hnh thc ngy bin l g v n nh hng ti t duy logic ra sao, chng ta hy cng tm hiu trong bi vit di y. Ad feminam (Latin for "to the woman"), is also a specific form of ad hominem argument, albeit a lesser-known one. Want to get notified of all questions as they are asked? Instead of Abigail finding a way to distress the situation, she violently attacks Betty. A logical fallacy is a typical way in which arguments go wrong through sloppy reasoning. Second, the Appeal to Motive fallacy can be used as a way to attack the person making the argument rather than engaging with the substance of the argument itself. Informal fallaciesdefects or errors in reasoningcause arguments to break down. . X is biased or has questionable motives. Trong v d trn, ngi ni khng h ngu bin. Two Wrongs Make a Right This fallacy is committed when one tries to make a wrong action look right, by comparing it to another wrong (perhaps worse) action. The judgment of others then becomes the ruling factor. Fallacy Examples in Real Life. I can see the case for Strawman but Person 2 goes further and actually attacks Person 1's motive and secret desire to turn women into "breeders" - concluding abortion should be legal because of his suspected motive and sexist views. What is a hominem fallacy? Straw Man Argument Example | What is a Straw Man Argument? She is an instructional designer, educator, and writer. All rights reserved. Ngu bin Anh cng th sai bi v mt lp lun khng nn nh gi l ng hay sai nu ch da vo vic ngi ni c thc hin n hay khng. C hai dng ngu bin chnh: ngu bin lin quan (fallacy of relevance) v ngu bin thiu bng chng (fallacy of insufficient evidence). But if his argument would be that the witness should not be trusted, that would not be a fallacy. On the other hand, the attack on the student (that is, the student being inconsistent) is irrelevant to the opening narrative. Student: Hey, Professor Moore, we shouldn't have to read . Examples of Personal Attack: 1. [4], Over time, the term acquired a different meaning; by the beginning of the 20th century, it was linked to a logical fallacy, in which a debater, instead of disproving an argument, attacked their opponent. And while that is certainly true in Disney movies where children fly with pixie dust and puppets come to life with the help of the Blue Fairy, in real life, if anyone appeals to your natural childlike willingness to believe the impossible because it just sounds so wonderful, remember, fallacies only make sense in Disney movies. A common example, given by Tindale, is when a doctor advises a patient to lose weight, but the patient argues that there is no need for him to go on a diet because the doctor is also overweight. Or, the wind outside your home increased suddenly sending a gust through an open window in the room where the door slammed shut. The most common form of this fallacy is "A makes a claim x, B asserts that A holds a property that is unwelcome, and hence B concludes that argument x is wrong". The academic edition was released on November 22, 2013. "My opponent argues on and on in favor of allowing that mall to be built in the center of town. Basil Rathbone makes repeated leaps of perception based on a scattered evidence only superficially related to one another and better explained by the Texas Sharpshooter fallacy. Therefore, the science behind their claims is pure make-believe. Ngi mc phi li ngu bin ny khi c gng chi b l l ca mt ngi a ra v l do anh ta khng lm ng nh nhng g anh ta ni. "The referee is a New York City native, so his refereeing was obviously biased towards New York teams." So a few Appeal to Pity, Appeal to Ridicule, and Appeal to FearAd hominems will keep her from arguing, right? The video argues that the true aim of the tobacco companies is to mask what they truly are: death dealers. My Two Thanksgivings at Walt Disney World, Scientific Skepticism: Distinguishing Reality from Imagination! Be open to revising your beliefs based on new evidence and reasoning. This ad, "Grim Reapers," commits the fallacy of attacking the motive in its attempts to attack tobacco companies. When they employ the Ad hominem of the Abusive Fallacy, it's obvious to even the youngest viewers, isn't it? [8], The terms ad mulierem and ad feminam have been used specifically when the person receiving the criticism is female. The various types of ad hominem arguments have been known in the West since at least the ancient Greeks. Tm gi ni dung ni ca ngi A l lp lun 1 (argument 1) v ca ngi B l lp lun 2 (argument 2), c th thy nhng cuc tranh lun nh th ny xut hin rt nhiu trong cuc sng hng ngy v trn mng x hi. This fallacy includes Attacking the Evidence (also, 'Whataboutism'; The Missing Link fallacy), e.g. Logic warns the wary of many fallacies. Everyone should master this canon of erroror you will be mastered by it. Person 1: I believe X. Pattern: A is a hypocrite. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, introducing citations to additional sources, Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise, Negative conclusion from affirmative premises, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appeal_to_motive&oldid=952206558, Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2017, Articles needing additional references from April 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 2. Of course the Step-mother doesn't have a good reason poor Cinderella can't go to the ball, but if she insults her enough, maybe everyone will think there's a reason in there somewhere. Their threats of force to try to get Pete to return home, or make Nora hand him, over just don't convince anyone of the truthfulness of their claims. Sau y l mt vi v d minh ho. xc ng ca mt lp lun phi c nh gi da vo ng bn cht ca cu ni. Ngu bin cng kch ng c xut hin khi ngi ni nh gi mt lp lun ca mt ngi da trn ng c a ra lp lun ca ngi , thay v xem xt gi tr ca lp lun. Therefore, I disagree with them about my need to attend college. The fact that the broker earns a commission on the sale does not necessarily mean that his recommendation is not sound or that he is acting unethically. Look at yourself. Try Again Review Section Directions and Definitions To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. A good example is the analogy "if your friends jumped off a bridge, would you?" is used to detract a child from behaviours such as buying a t-shirt. My righteous indignation meter just pegs out, whether it's Jafar denigrating Aladdin, or Medusa being meanie-pants to poor, pitiful Penny. And while we are talking about Aladdin, can we point out that the Sultan employs an old chestnut of a fallacy, the Appeal to Tradition fallacy. A benefits from B. Tuy nhin, ch sau nhng tuyn b vi gi, b c chng kin bc ln mt chic my bay ring 19 ch ngi vi kh nng t chy nhin liu (347 ga lng mi gi) hn hn cc dng my bay khc. This website helped me pass! Cng nhn th mt v d sau y: Mike l mt nhc cng. Why would they do something so stupid? Tyler Cowen's "softmanning" of the energy/climate policy advocated by the mainstream Straw Man When an arguer distorts an opponent's argument to make it weak (like a straw man) and thus easier to attack. Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed answers to any questions you might have Meta Discuss the workings and policies of this site About Us Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. (Attacking the person): This fallacy occurs when, instead of addressing someone's argument or position, you irrelevantly attack the person or some aspect of the person who is making the argument. Having rhetoric skills is an immense in leadership. But the website also displays ACME advertising on their site, so they were probably biased in their review." In Court (i.e. A classic example of ad hominem fallacy is given below: A: "All murderers are criminals, but a thief isn't a murderer, and so can't be a criminal." . Ngi mu X: Em thy ngi mu bn em ai cng lm vy ht c. The final count is oil company profits. Fallacies of relevance can be positive in that they can add to a claim. Therefore X's argument must be bad. (Example 1) "A person apparently hopelessly ill may be allowed to take his own life. He knows he is poor, and that others view him as less worthy. Let's say that you've decided to write a book. y l li t duy logic ph bin m hu ht chng ta u tng mc phi. One such motive is the theft of proprietary process data, for example recipes and formulae, IS-OUGHT FALLACY SLIPPERY SLOPE FALLACY PART TO WHOLE FALLACY WHOLE TO PART FALLACY Week 10, WHAT IS GAMBLERS FALLACY? in the ad, "Grim Reapers," they commit the fallacy of attacking the motive while attempting to attack tobacco companies. This type of fallacy occurs when someone attacks the person instead of attacking his or her argument. Ad Hominem Fallacy Overview & Examples | What is Ad Hominem Fallacy? Ti sao con phi nghe theo ch? V vy, li ni ca X v gi tr. The philosopher Charles Taylor has argued that ad hominem reasoning (discussing facts about the speaker or author relative to the value of his statements) is essential to understanding certain moral issues due to the connection between individual persons and morality (or moral claims), and contrasts this sort of reasoning with the apodictic reasoning (involving facts beyond dispute or clearly established) of philosophical naturalism.[31]. They both depend on the collective memory shared by both proponents and the audience. Ti sao con phi nghe theo ch? Mt v d c th minh ho nh sau: B: C nu c nh ngi ta khng m ni? Update your mail preferences and turn on "Instant Notification.". Vy, cch lp lun ca ngi B c li v chng ta dng cm t ngu bin (fallacy) miu t cch lp lun ny. But . It can be considered as a special case of the ad hominem circumstantial argument. An error occurred trying to load this video. This fallacy occurs when the traits of the person holding a position are attacked rather than the merits of the argument they. That's why we love them. The tobacco companies spent millions to hired expert scientists, lawyers, and lobbyists to defend their products and to prove that cigarettes are not addictive. One of Conway's arguments is that ExtenZe improves male sexual performance and that men should therefore buy it. Mi ngi u nh tr c m? For example, say you were debating whether or not it was okay to eat meat, and your opponent said, " you're an animal-killer " in response to your arguments for why eating meat is wrong. 2. This argument is also invalid because it does not disprove the premise; if the premise is true, then source A may be a hypocrite or even changed their mind, but this does not make the statement less credible from a logical perspective. A benefits from B. The new excuse for U.S. imperial wars is "humanitarian" or "liberal" interventionism with Hillary Clinton and other proponents citing noble motives for destroying foreign societies, as ex-CIA official Graham E. Fuller discusses. So of course Belle will want to marry him. 1. There isn't just one type of ad hominem fallacy. While Hablin's criticism was not widely accepted, Canadian philosopher Douglas N. Walton examined the fallaciousness of the ad hominem argument even further. Therefore, A's argument should be rejected. Here are some strategies to consider: The Appeal to Motive fallacy is a common and potentially problematic error in reasoning that can undermine the validity of an argument or belief. [17], Philosopher and pundit on informal fallacies Douglas N. Walton argues that a circumstantial ad hominem argument can be non-fallacious. A female judge has impeccable qualifications, but one senator objects because she is an outspoken lesbian. Red Herring The Appeal to Motive fallacy is based on the premise that someones motive for believing something is separate from the truth or falsity of that belief. Is any family of a Disney princess as petty and mean spirited as the step-mother and sisters to poor Cinderella? [20], Guilt by association is frequently found in social and political debates. What was the last time YOU took a walk?" Appeal To Ignorance: The gist of this fallacy is that it claims that an argument is true because it has not yet been proven false. Here is a simple example of a straw man fallacy in a conversation between two people: A: "We should divert more federal funding to social programs as those help people manage their expenses and contribute to the economy." B: "That is completely ridiculous! Or is his argument against Dr. Walters flawed? Questioning a person or company's motives for making an argument is wise. . Tuy nhin, iu khng c g l sai nu chng ta phn xt hnh vi o c gi ca mt ngi v anh ta khng thc hin ng vi li khuyn anh ta a ra cho ngi khc. A: Sao li i hc mun th, gi bt u l na ting trc c m. The Attacking the Motive Fallacy is a sub category of an ad hominem in which the second arguer attacks the first arguer's thesis by challenging his motives behind his argument, such as what he gains or benefits from his proposed thesis Pattern A is for B. The witnesses however admit this to be "speculation" and "presumption". Con: Nhng m m ly b v sinh ra con vo nm 18 tui y thi? This presentation is bogus!''. But it's all ok, because Ratigan uses an even worse logical fallacy. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Person 2 should reconstruct their argument to remove the focus on their interlocutor's personal motives of biases: ad hominem circumstantial>. This could be the case when someone (A) attacks the personality of another person (B), making an argument (a) while the personality of B is relevant to argument a, i.e. A senator claims that his new tax plan will help the middle class. And often, the poor person thinks they are right! [14], Canadian philosopher Christopher Tindale approaches somewhat different the tu quoque fallacy. An example is a dialogue at the court, where the attorney cross-examines an eyewitness, bringing to light the fact that the witness was convicted in the past for lying. Let me cite a few examples before turning to issue at handthe slippery slope from same-sex marriage to significant changes in sexual ethics. It's the law. Evaluating a source vs. ad hominem fallacy, a.k.a. Also Questioning Motives. Hu ht nhng lp lun ngu bin thng c bao bc bi lp v ngoi ca l l v s thuyt phc. This book / online course is about the the eleven rules of reason for making and evaluating claims. These typically refer to the dialectical strategy of using the target's own beliefs and arguments against them, while not agreeing with the validity of those beliefs and arguments. All rights reserved. . Switching to self-driving cars will endanger driving jobs in the transportation industry. From blobs of mud creating "footprints" he assumes are the bat's, to Dawson's catgut stitches, to a round hole in the glass, he goes around pronouncing things mean important other things! Trong phn tip theo ca chui bi vit v ngy bin, tc gi s tip tc gii thiu nhng hnh thc ngy bin ph bin thng gp trong t duy logic hng ngy. A Supreme Court nominee must be approved by the senate. The fallacious attack can also be direct to membership in a group or institution. LingLogic Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. X's argument or claim should be f EXAMPLE.1 (Pirates Of The Health Care-ibean. The research found that attacking the motives of scientists undermines the belief in a scientific claim just as much as attacking the science itself. Appeal to motive is a pattern of argument which consists in challenging a thesis by calling into question the motives of its proposer. Example of a Sunk Cost Fallacy. Therefore, his approach must be wrong. Instead, he's focused solely on what her motives might be and condemns her entire argument based on that alone. Abusive - This is where the person is directly attacked. Making generalizations to a broad population based on insufficient data. We can't just give money to people who don't work, that would make them lazy and greedy." While Nora isn't budged by the Gogols, she makes a logical misstep of her own. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. When expanded it provides a list of search options that will switch the search inputs to match the current selection. Ad hominem - attacking the arguer instead of the argument. Consider whether the evidence is sufficient to support the claim being made. For example, suggesting that someone's (who is a female) claim must be false or irrational because of pregnancy or menstruation hormones. o Common pattern X is biased or has questionable motives. This kind of argument, besides usually being fallacious, is also counterproductive, as a proper dialogue is hard to achieve after such an attack. [25] This type of argument is also known as the ex concessis argument (Latin for "from what has been conceded already"). Example Chng ta c th v tnh lt qua cc li ngu bin khp ni trong i sng hng ngy nh trong cc cuc i thoi hay tranh ci trc tip hoc trn bo ch, TV, qung co, thm ch cc pht ngn ca cc ngi sao v ngi ni ting. Slippery Slope Fallacy | Meaning and Example. Through the use of easy-to-understand examples and explanations, you'll also find out how to balance skepticism with a logical approach. The attacking the motive fallacy occurs when an arguer rejects another person's argument or claim because that person fails to practice what he or she preaches. Therefore, individual S and his views are questionable. The fallacy of declaring a standpoint or argument invalid solely because of the evil, corrupt or questionable . The ad hominem fallacy forms part of a group of fallacies known as informal logic fallacies. f Attacking the Motive This fallacy occurs when an arguer Criticizes a person's motivation for offering a particular argument or claim, rather than examining the worth of the argument or claim itself. nm c nh ngha c th ca ngu bin lin quan, chng ta phn tch c th khi nim lin quan trc v mt lp lun nh th no th c cho l mt lp lun lin quan ti kt lun. Aladdin knows he is poor, which is why Jafar's use of the Appeal to Wealth fallacy works against him so well. The customer is supposed to assume the companies are either being generous or, at worst, trying to appear to be generous. Disney movies are rotten with fallacies logical fallacies, that is. The Straw Man Fallacy. It seems Belle sees right through his arguments. Phn lun dng nh chng li hon ton kt lun, v vy c th kt lun lun lin quan tiu cc (negatively relevant) vi kt lun. Cho nn, chng ta nn ph nhn nhng g X ni. Therefore As arguments are invalid. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. This argument does reject a person's statement; but it does not base this rejection on that person's motive for making the statement. The tavern goers aren't the only ones who assume the story can't be true because the lighthouse keeper has been known to have a bit of a problem with strong drink. Of course, mumsy mixes it up a bit with an Appeal to Authority. It proves Quasimodo is more than man, and Frollo the beast, when Quasimodo proves he is loved, and it is Frollo who is incapable of true love or compassion. The lesson is named Attacking the Motive: Fallacy Explanation & Examples, and it covers the following objectives: Define. Instead of attacking the tobacco companies by, say, revealing the contents of cigarettes, the ad attacks the reason why the tobacco companies give away free samples. One common fallacy is the Appeal to Motive, which assumes that someones motive for arguing a point or holding a belief invalidates that point or belief. While it is indeed likely that the insurance companies make the arguments they do because they believe that those arguments will defeat health care reform, which would have been very costly to them. Mi cuc vn ng ca ng ta u nhm lm suy yu lng tin ca d lun vo khoa hc kh hu v hin tng nng ln ton cu. An example, given also by Leigh Kolb, is the peak of attacks against Muslims in the US after the September 11 attacks. It's a fallacy that uses attacks on the person making the argument instead of the argument itself. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. This, however does not mean that those arguments are necessarily fallacious. 1. In this way, the arguments are to the person (ad hominem), but without attacking the properties of the individuals making the arguments. Substituting a persons actual position or argument with a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of the position of the argument. [28], Author Eithan Orkibi, having studied the Israeli politics prior to elections, described two other forms of ad hominem attacks that are common during election periods. Example: Person 2: You only believe X because of motive Y; Y is bad so X . Chng ta cn phn bit r trong mt s trng hp c th, nu c nhn lp lun l sai v mc ch xut pht t vic t li ring th vic nh gi lp lun t ng c khng phi l ngu bin. The thesis in this case is the website's evaluation of the relative merits of the two products. 2. Consider multiple perspectives: Seek out diverse perspectives and evidence on the topic, and evaluate them on their own merits rather than their source. Red Herring This is a fallacy of distraction. Thus: "Last century, the majority of people in some states thought slavery was acceptable, but that didn't make it so!" Finally, point out why the logical fallacy matters to the debate round. Circumstantial - Personal circumstances motivate a person's argument, so it must be false. It's a fallacy of relevance in that it only takes into consideration the motive, not the claim. 4.1.2 Attacking the Motive Example: Donald Trump has argued that we need to build a new campus. It starts with a simple, Right, so I don't think that the claim that. False dichotomy is a common and cunning fallacy . The attacking the motive fallacy occurs when one person argues that another person's position is invalid solely due to motives that could affect the claim. The witnesses however admit this to be "speculation" and "presumption". (Pirates Of The Health Care-ibean portrays health insurance companies as heartless pirates who are against healthcare reform. Ht c nh ngi ta i ri c t cch phn xt. Inconsistency or Look Who's Talking (Tu Quoque) 3. We'll also discuss how important, or unimportant, it is to consider the motive, or the benefit, emotion, or need, behind an individual's claim. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000